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mandel

I have recently been doing some work with Qt and DBus and I got stuck a little on how to correctly send a {sv} over DBus. Either my google-fu is terrible or there are not many examples on how to do this, therefore here is a small static method that will return a {sv} that can be send via DBus without getting a wrong parameters error:

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#ifndef DBUS_HELPER_H
#define DBUS_HELPER_H
 
#include 
#include 
#include 
#include 
 
typedef QHash DBusStringHash;
class DBusHelper : public QObject
{
    Q_OBJECT
public:
    static int DBUS_STRING_MAP_ID;
 
    explicit DBusHelper(QObject *parent = 0);
 
    static class _init
    {
        public:
            _init()
            {
                // diff actions to init
                qRegisterMetaType("DBusStringHash");
                qDBusRegisterMetaType();
                DBUS_STRING_MAP_ID = QMetaType::type("DBusStringHash");
            }
    } _initializer;
 
    static QVariant getVariant(DBusStringHash hash);
 
};
 
Q_DECLARE_METATYPE(DBusStringHash)
#endif // DBUS_HELPER_H
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// required for the init
int DBusHelper::DBUS_STRING_MAP_ID = 0;
DBusHelper::_init DBusHelper::_initializer;
 
DBusHelper::DBusHelper(QObject *parent) :
    QObject(parent)
{
}
 
QVariant DBusHelper::getVariant(DBusStringHash hash)
{
    return QVariant(DBUS_STRING_MAP_ID, &hash);
}

I added the init trick so that there is no need to manually register the types. I hope it helps!

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mandel

Following the small work I’m doing to get better at golang here is another piece of work I have done to add a golang binding to one of the C libraries I’m depending on. The following allows to use the libaccounts-glib library from go:

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package main
 
/*
#cgo pkg-config: libaccounts-glib
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <glib.h>
#include <libaccounts-glib/accounts-glib.h>
 
static inline char* to_charptr(const gchar* s) { return (char*)s; }
 
static inline char* to_charptr_from_ptr(gpointer s) { return (char*)s; }
 
static inline gchar* to_gcharptr(const char* s) { return (gchar*)s; }
 
static inline AgService* to_AgService(void* o) { return (AgService *)o; }
 
static inline AgAccountService* to_AgAccountService(void* o) { return (AgAccountService *)o; }
 
static inline AgApplication* to_AgApplication(void* o) { return (AgApplication *)o; }
 
static inline AgProvider* to_AgProvider(void* o) { return (AgProvider *)o; }
 
static inline AgServiceType* to_AgServiceType(void* o) { return (AgServiceType *)o; }
 
static inline void free_string(char* s) { free(s); }
 
static inline AgAccountId to_AgAccountId(guint i) { return (AgAccountId) i; }
 
static inline guint to_guint(gpointer i) { return (guint)i; }
 
static GError* to_error(void* err) { return (GError*)err; }
 
extern void go_account_notify_cb(void* func, AgAccount* acc, gchar* key);
 
static void account_notify_cb(AgAccount* acc, gchar* key, gpointer func){
    go_account_notify_cb((void*)func, acc, key);
}
 
static AgAccountWatch watch_dir(AgAccount* acc, gchar* key, void* func) {
    return ag_account_watch_dir(acc, key,
        (AgAccountNotifyCb)account_notify_cb, func);
}
 
static AgAccountWatch watch_key(AgAccount* acc, gchar* key, void* func) {
    return ag_account_watch_key(acc, key,
        (AgAccountNotifyCb)account_notify_cb, func);
}
 
*/
import "C"
 
import (
    "os"
    "fmt"
    "unsafe"
    "github.com/mattn/go-gtk/gtk"
)
 
func GetStringFromGCharPtr(data *C.gchar) string {
    if data == nil {
        return ""
    }
    return C.GoString(C.to_charptr(data))
}
 
func GetServicesFromList(services *C.GList, length C.guint) ([]*Service) {
    result := make([]*Service, length)
 
    for n := C.guint(0); n < length; n++ {
        data := C.g_list_nth_data(services, n)
        pointer := unsafe.Pointer(data)
        service := &Service{serv:C.to_AgService(pointer)}
        result[uint(n)] = service
    }
    return result
}
 
func GetAccountServicesFromList(services *C.GList,
    length C.guint) ([]*AccountService) {
 
    result := make([]*AccountService, length)
 
    for n := C.guint(0); n < length; n++ {
        data := C.g_list_nth_data(services, n)
        pointer := unsafe.Pointer(data)
        service := &AccountService{acc:C.to_AgAccountService(pointer)}
        result[uint(n)] = service
    }
    return result
}
 
func GetIdsFromList(ids *C.GList, length C.guint) ([]uint32) {
    result := make([]uint32, length)
 
    for n := C.guint(0); n < length; n++ {
        data := C.g_list_nth_data(ids, n)
        result[uint(n)] = uint32(C.to_guint(data))
    }
 
    return result
}
 
// =============================== GError =====================================
 
type Error struct {
    GError *C.GError
}
 
func (v *Error) Error() string {
    return v.Message()
}
 
func (v *Error) Message() string {
    if unsafe.Pointer(v.GError) == nil || unsafe.Pointer(v.GError.message) == nil {
        return ""
    }
    return C.GoString(C.to_charptr(v.GError.message))
}
 
func ErrorFromNative(err unsafe.Pointer) *Error {
    return &Error{C.to_error(err)}
}
 
// ============================== Application ====================================
 
type Application struct {
    app *C.AgApplication
}
 
func (app *Application) GetDescription () string {
    return GetStringFromGCharPtr(C.ag_application_get_description(app.app))
}
 
func (app *Application) GetName () string {
    return GetStringFromGCharPtr(C.ag_application_get_name(app.app))
}
 
func (app *Application) GetServiceUsage (service *Service) string {
    return GetStringFromGCharPtr(
        C.ag_application_get_service_usage(app.app, service.serv))
}
 
func (app *Application) Unref () {
    C.ag_application_unref(C.to_AgApplication(unsafe.Pointer(app.app)))
}
 
// =============================== Provider ======================================
 
type Provider struct {
    prov *C.AgProvider
}
 
func (prov *Provider) GetDisplayName () string {
    return GetStringFromGCharPtr(C.ag_provider_get_display_name(prov.prov))
}
 
func (prov *Provider) GetDescription () string {
    return GetStringFromGCharPtr(C.ag_provider_get_description(prov.prov))
}
 
func (prov *Provider) GetName () string {
    return GetStringFromGCharPtr(C.ag_provider_get_name(prov.prov))
}
 
func (prov *Provider) Unref () {
    C.ag_provider_unref(C.to_AgProvider(unsafe.Pointer(prov.prov)))
}
 
// ================================ Manager ======================================
 
type Manager struct {
    man *C.AgManager
}
 
func (man *Manager) CreateAccount (provider_name string) *Account {
    provider_str := C.CString(provider_name)
    defer C.free_string(provider_str)
 
    acc := C.ag_manager_create_account(man.man, C.to_gcharptr(provider_str))
    return &Account{acc:acc}
}
 
func (man *Manager) GetAccount (id uint32) *Account {
    acc := C.ag_manager_get_account(man.man, C.to_AgAccountId(C.guint(id)))
    return &Account{acc:acc}
}
 
func (man *Manager) GetAccountServices () ([]*AccountService, uint) {
    services := C.ag_manager_get_account_services(man.man)
    defer C.g_list_free(services)
 
    length := C.g_list_length(services)
    result := GetAccountServicesFromList(services, length)
 
    return result, uint(length)
}
 
func (man *Manager) GetApplication (app_name string) *Application {
    app_name_str := C.CString(app_name)
    defer C.free_string(app_name_str)
 
    app:= C.ag_manager_get_application(man.man, C.to_gcharptr(app_name_str))
    return &Application{app:app}
}
 
func (man *Manager) GetEnabledAccountServices() ([]*AccountService, uint) {
    services := C.ag_manager_get_enabled_account_services(man.man)
    defer C.g_list_free(services)
 
    length := C.g_list_length(services)
    result := GetAccountServicesFromList(services, length)
 
    return result, uint(length)
}
 
func (man *Manager) GetProvider(provider_name string) *Provider {
    provider_name_str := C.CString(provider_name)
    defer C.free_string(provider_name_str)
 
    provider := C.ag_manager_get_provider(man.man, C.to_gcharptr(provider_name_str))
    return &Provider{prov:provider}
}
 
func (man *Manager) GetService (service_name string) *Service {
    service_name_str := C.CString(service_name)
    defer C.free_string(service_name_str)
 
    service := C.ag_manager_get_service(man.man, C.to_gcharptr(service_name_str))
    return &Service{serv:service}
}
 
func (man *Manager) GetServiceType () string {
    return GetStringFromGCharPtr(C.ag_manager_get_service_type(man.man))
}
 
func (man *Manager) List() ([]uint32, uint) {
    account_ids := C.ag_manager_list(man.man)
    defer C.g_list_free(account_ids)
 
    length := C.g_list_length(account_ids)
    result := GetIdsFromList(account_ids, length)
 
    return result, uint(length)
}
 
func (man *Manager) ListApplicationsByService (
    service *Service) ([]*Application, uint) {
 
    apps := C.ag_manager_list_applications_by_service(
        man.man, service.serv)
    defer C.g_list_free(apps)
 
    length := C.g_list_length(apps)
    result := make([]*Application, length)
 
    for n := C.guint(0); n < length; n++ {
        data := C.g_list_nth_data(apps, n)
        pointer := unsafe.Pointer(data)
        app := &Application{app:C.to_AgApplication(pointer)}
        result[uint(n)] = app
    }
 
    return result, uint(length)
}
 
func (man *Manager) ListByServiceType(
    service_type string) ([]uint32, uint) {
 
    service_type_str := C.CString(service_type)
    defer C.free_string(service_type_str)
 
    service_ids := C.ag_manager_list_by_service_type(
        man.man, C.to_gcharptr(service_type_str))
    defer C.g_list_free(service_ids)
 
    length := C.g_list_length(service_ids)
    result := GetIdsFromList(service_ids, length)
 
    return result, uint(length)
}
 
func (man *Manager) ListEnabled () ([]uint32, uint) {
    account_ids := C.ag_manager_list_enabled(man.man)
    defer C.g_list_free(account_ids)
 
    length := C.g_list_length(account_ids)
    result := GetIdsFromList(account_ids, length)
 
    return result, uint(length)
}
 
func (man *Manager) ListEnabledByServiceType (
    service_type string) ([]uint32, uint) {
    service_type_str := C.CString(service_type)
    defer C.free_string(service_type_str)
 
    account_ids := C.ag_manager_list_enabled_by_service_type(man.man,
        C.to_gcharptr(service_type_str))
 
    length := C.g_list_length(account_ids)
    result := GetIdsFromList(account_ids, length)
 
    return result, uint(length)
}
 
func (man *Manager) ListProviders () ([]*Provider, uint) {
 
    providers := C.ag_manager_list_providers(man.man)
    defer C.g_list_free(providers)
 
    length := C.g_list_length(providers)
    result := make([]*Provider, length)
 
    for n := C.guint(0); n < length; n++ {
        data := C.g_list_nth_data(providers, n)
        pointer := unsafe.Pointer(data)
        app := &Provider{prov:C.to_AgProvider(pointer)}
        result[uint(n)] = app
    }
 
    return result, uint(length)
}
 
func (man *Manager) ListServiceTypes () ([]*ServiceType, uint) {
 
    services := C.ag_manager_list_service_types(man.man)
    defer C.g_list_free(services)
 
    length := C.g_list_length(services)
    result := make([]*ServiceType, length)
 
    for n := C.guint(0); n < length; n++ {
        data := C.g_list_nth_data(services, n)
        pointer := unsafe.Pointer(data)
        app := &ServiceType{serv_type:C.to_AgServiceType(pointer)}
        result[uint(n)] = app
    }
 
    return result, uint(length)
}
 
func (man *Manager) ListServices () ([]*Service, uint) {
    services := C.ag_manager_list_services(man.man)
    defer C.g_list_free(services)
 
    length := C.g_list_length(services)
    result := make([]*Service, length)
 
    for n := C.guint(0); n < length; n++ {
        data := C.g_list_nth_data(services, n)
        pointer := unsafe.Pointer(data)
        app := &Service{serv:C.to_AgService(pointer)}
        result[uint(n)] = app
    }
 
    return result, uint(length)
}
 
func (man *Manager) ListServicesByType (
    service_type string) ([]*Service, uint) {
 
    service_type_str := C.CString(service_type)
    defer C.free_string(service_type_str)
 
    services := C.ag_manager_list_services_by_type(
        man.man, C.to_gcharptr(service_type_str))
    defer C.g_list_free(services)
 
    length := C.g_list_length(services)
    result := make([]*Service, length)
 
    for n := C.guint(0); n < length; n++ {
        data := C.g_list_nth_data(services, n)
        pointer := unsafe.Pointer(data)
        app := &Service{serv:C.to_AgService(pointer)}
        result[uint(n)] = app
    }
 
    return result, uint(length)
}
 
func (man *Manager) LoadAccount (account_id uint32) (*Account, error) {
    var gerror *C.GError
 
    id := C.to_AgAccountId(C.guint(account_id))
    account := C.ag_manager_load_account(man.man, id, &gerror)
 
    if gerror != nil {
        err := ErrorFromNative(unsafe.Pointer(gerror))
        return nil, err
    }
    return &Account{acc:account}, nil
}
 
func (man *Manager) LoadServiceType (
    service_type string) *ServiceType {
 
    service_type_str := C.CString(service_type)
    defer C.free_string(service_type_str)
 
    stype := C.ag_manager_load_service_type(man.man,
        C.to_gcharptr(service_type_str))
    return &ServiceType{serv_type:stype}
}
 
func (man *Manager) Unref () {
    C.g_object_unref(C.gpointer(man.man))
}
 
func NewManager () *Manager {
    return &Manager{man:C.ag_manager_new()}
}
 
func NewManagerForServiceType (service_type string) *Manager {
 
    service_type_str := C.CString(service_type)
    defer C.free_string(service_type_str)
 
    return &Manager{man:C.ag_manager_new_for_service_type(
        C.to_gcharptr(service_type_str))}
}
 
// ============================= Account Service =================================
 
type AccountService struct {
    acc *C.AgAccountService
}
 
func (acc *AccountService) GetAccount () *Account {
    return &Account{C.ag_account_service_get_account(acc.acc)}
}
 
func (acc *AccountService) GetService () *Service {
    return &Service{C.ag_account_service_get_service(acc.acc)}
}
 
func (acc *AccountService) GetEnabled () bool {
    return C.TRUE == C.ag_account_service_get_enabled(acc.acc)
}
 
// ================================ Service ======================================
 
type Service struct {
    serv *C.AgService
}
 
func (serv *Service) GetDisplayName () string {
    return GetStringFromGCharPtr(C.ag_service_get_display_name(serv.serv))
}
 
func (serv *Service) GetName () string {
    return GetStringFromGCharPtr(C.ag_service_get_name(serv.serv))
}
 
func (serv *Service) GetDescription () string {
    return GetStringFromGCharPtr(C.ag_service_get_description(serv.serv))
}
 
func (serv *Service) GetProvider () string {
    return GetStringFromGCharPtr(C.ag_service_get_provider(serv.serv))
}
 
func (serv *Service) GetServiceType () string {
    return GetStringFromGCharPtr(C.ag_service_get_service_type(serv.serv))
}
 
func (serv *Service) GetTags () ([]string, uint) {
 
    tags := C.ag_service_get_tags(serv.serv)
    defer C.g_list_free(tags)
 
    length := C.g_list_length(tags)
    result := make([]string, length)
 
    for n := C.guint(0); n < length; n++ {
        data := C.g_list_nth_data(tags, n)
        pointer := C.to_charptr_from_ptr(data)
        result[uint(n)] = C.GoString(pointer)
    }
 
    return result, uint(length)
}
 
func (serv *Service) HasTag (tag string) bool {
    tag_str := C.CString(tag)
    defer C.free_string(tag_str)
 
    has_tag := C.ag_service_has_tag(serv.serv, C.to_gcharptr(tag_str))
    return C.TRUE == has_tag
}
 
func (serv *Service) Unref () {
    C.ag_service_unref(C.to_AgService(unsafe.Pointer(serv.serv)))
}
 
// ============================== ServiceType ====================================
 
type ServiceType struct {
    serv_type *C.AgServiceType
}
 
func (serv *ServiceType) GetDisplayName () string {
    return GetStringFromGCharPtr(
        C.ag_service_type_get_display_name(serv.serv_type))
}
 
func (serv *ServiceType) GetDescription () string {
    return GetStringFromGCharPtr(
        C.ag_service_type_get_description(serv.serv_type))
}
 
func (serv *ServiceType) GetName () string {
    return GetStringFromGCharPtr(C.ag_service_type_get_name(serv.serv_type))
}
 
func (serv *ServiceType) GetTags () ([]string, uint) {
 
    tags := C.ag_service_get_tags(serv.serv_type)
    defer C.g_list_free(tags)
 
    length := C.g_list_length(tags)
    result := make([]string, length)
 
    for n := C.guint(0); n < length; n++ {
        data := C.g_list_nth_data(tags, n)
        pointer := C.to_charptr_from_ptr(data)
        result[uint(n)] = C.GoString(pointer)
    }
 
    return result, uint(length)
}
 
func (serv *ServiceType) HasTag (tag string) bool {
    tag_str := C.CString(tag)
    defer C.free_string(tag_str)
 
    has_tag := C.ag_service_has_tag(serv.serv_type, C.to_gcharptr(tag_str))
    return C.TRUE == has_tag
}
 
func (serv *ServiceType) Unref () {
    C.ag_service_type_unref(C.to_AgServiceType(
        unsafe.Pointer(serv.serv_type)))
}
 
// ============================== Account Watch ==================================
 
type AccountWatch struct {
    watch *C.AgAccountWatch
}
 
func (watch *AccountWatch ) Unref () {
    C.g_object_unref(C.gpointer(watch.watch))
}
 
// ================================ Account ======================================
 
type AccountAsyncStoreCallback func(acc *Account, success bool, err error)
 
type AccountAsyncWatchDirCallback func(acc *Account, key string)
 
type Account struct {
    acc *C.AgAccount
}
 
//export go_account_notify_cb
func go_account_notify_cb(pcallback unsafe.Pointer, gaccount *C.AgAccount,
    gkey *C.gchar) {
 
    account := &Account{acc:gaccount}
    key := C.GoString(C.to_charptr(gkey))
    callback := *(*func(*Account, string))(pcallback)
    callback(account, key)
}
 
func (acc *Account) Delete () {
    C.ag_account_delete(acc.acc)
}
 
func (acc *Account) GetDisplayName () string {
    return GetStringFromGCharPtr(C.ag_account_get_display_name(acc.acc))
}
 
func (acc *Account) GetEnabled () bool {
    return C.TRUE == C.ag_account_get_enabled(acc.acc)
}
 
func (acc *Account) GetManager () *Manager {
    return &Manager{man:C.ag_account_get_manager(acc.acc)}
}
 
func (acc *Account) GetProviderName () string {
    return GetStringFromGCharPtr(C.ag_account_get_provider_name(acc.acc))
}
 
func (acc *Account) GetSelectedService () *Service {
   return &Service{serv:C.ag_account_get_selected_service(acc.acc)}
}
 
func (acc *Account) ListEnabledServices () ([]*Service, uint) {
    services := C.ag_account_list_enabled_services(acc.acc)
    defer C.g_list_free(services)
 
    length := C.g_list_length(services)
    result := GetServicesFromList(services, length)
 
    return result, uint(length)
}
 
func (acc *Account) ListServices () ([]*Service, uint) {
    services := C.ag_account_list_services(acc.acc)
    defer C.g_list_free(services)
 
    length := C.g_list_length(services)
    result := GetServicesFromList(services, length)
 
    return result, uint(length)
}
 
func (acc *Account) ListServicesByType (service_type string) ([]*Service, uint) {
    service_type_str := C.CString(service_type)
    defer C.free_string(service_type_str)
 
    services := C.ag_account_list_services_by_type(acc.acc,
        C.to_gcharptr(service_type_str))
    defer C.g_list_free(services)
 
    length := C.g_list_length(services)
    result := GetServicesFromList(services, length)
 
    return result, uint(length)
}
 
func (acc *Account) RemoveWatch (watch *AccountWatch) {
    C.ag_account_remove_watch(acc.acc, *watch.watch)
}
 
func (acc *Account) SelectService (service *Service) {
    C.ag_account_select_service(acc.acc, service.serv)
}
 
func (acc *Account) SetDisplayName (name string) {
    name_str := C.CString(name)
    defer C.free_string(name_str)
    C.ag_account_set_display_name(acc.acc, C.to_gcharptr(name_str))
}
 
func (acc *Account) SetEnabled (enabled bool) {
    if enabled {
        C.ag_account_set_enabled(acc.acc, C.TRUE)
    } else {
        C.ag_account_set_enabled(acc.acc, C.FALSE)
    }
}
 
func (acc *Account) Sign (key string, token string) {
    key_str := C.CString(key)
    defer C.free_string(key_str)
 
    token_str := C.CString(token)
    defer C.free_string(token_str)
 
    C.ag_account_sign(acc.acc, C.to_gcharptr(key_str), C.to_gcharptr(token_str))
}
 
func (acc *Account) Store (callback AccountAsyncStoreCallback) {
 
    go func(){
        var gerror *C.GError
        C.ag_account_store_blocking(acc.acc, &gerror)
        if gerror != nil {
            err := ErrorFromNative(unsafe.Pointer(gerror))
            callback(acc, false, err)
            return
        }
        callback(acc, true, nil)
    }()
}
 
func (acc *Account) StoreSync () (bool, error){
    var gerror *C.GError
    C.ag_account_store_blocking(acc.acc, &gerror)
    if gerror != nil {
        err := ErrorFromNative(unsafe.Pointer(gerror))
        return false, err
    }
    return true, nil
}
 
func (acc *Account) SupportsService (service_type string) bool {
    service_type_str := C.CString(service_type)
    defer C.free_string(service_type_str)
 
    suported := C.ag_account_supports_service(acc.acc,
        C.to_gcharptr(service_type_str))
    return suported == C.TRUE
}
 
func (acc *Account) Verify (key string) (bool, string) {
    key_str := C.CString(key)
    defer C.free_string(key_str)
 
    var token *C.gchar
    verified := C.ag_account_verify(acc.acc, C.to_gcharptr(key_str), &token)
 
    return verified == C.TRUE, C.GoString(C.to_charptr(token))
}
 
func (acc *Account) VerifyWithTokens (key string, tokens []string) bool {
    key_str := C.CString(key)
    defer C.free_string(key_str)
 
    tokens_str := make([]*C.gchar, len(tokens))
    for n := 0; n < len(tokens); n++ {
        token := C.CString(tokens[n])
        defer C.free_string(token)
 
        tokens_str[n] = C.to_gcharptr(token)
    }
 
    verified := C.ag_account_verify_with_tokens(acc.acc, C.to_gcharptr(key_str),
        &tokens_str[0])
    return verified == C.TRUE
}
 
func (acc *Account) WatchDir (key string,
    callback AccountAsyncWatchDirCallback) *AccountWatch {
 
    key_str := C.CString(key)
    defer C.free_string(key_str)
 
    watch := C.watch_dir(acc.acc, C.to_gcharptr(key_str), unsafe.Pointer(&callback))
    return &AccountWatch{watch:&watch}
}
 
func (acc *Account) WatchKey (key string,
    callback AccountAsyncWatchDirCallback) *AccountWatch {
 
    key_str := C.CString(key)
    defer C.free_string(key_str)
 
    watch := C.watch_key(acc.acc, C.to_gcharptr(key_str), unsafe.Pointer(&callback))
    return &AccountWatch{watch:&watch}
}
 
func (acc *Account) Unref () {
    C.g_object_unref(C.gpointer(acc.acc))
}
 
func main() {
    fmt.Println("test")
    gtk.Init(&os.Args)
    go func () {
        manager := NewManagerForServiceType("microblogging")
        defer manager.Unref()
        services, length := manager.GetAccountServices()
        fmt.Printf("Got %d servicesn", length)
        for n := uint(0); n < length; n++ {
            s := services[n].GetService()
            fmt.Printf("Display Name: %sn", s.GetDisplayName())
            fmt.Printf("Name: %sn", s.GetName())
            fmt.Printf("Description: %sn", s.GetDescription())
            fmt.Printf("Provider: %sn", s.GetProvider())
        }
        gtk.MainQuit()
    }()
    gtk.Main()
}

By the way I have fixed a small mem leak I had int he goa bindings by adding the Unref methods so that the glib structures can be freed once you are done with them.

Read more
mandel

I have been playing a little with golang lately and I have decided to do a small desktop application to try an practice more. Because I wanted to integrate with the gnome-online-accounts API I had to do a small go interface for the API. I leave it here in the wild to see if people can spot errors with it or find it useful:

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package main
 
 
/*
#define GOA_API_IS_SUBJECT_TO_CHANGE 1
#cgo pkg-config: goa-1.0
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <glib.h>
#include <gio/gio.h>
#include <goa/goa.h>
 
static inline gchar* to_gcharptr(const char* s) { return (gchar*)s; }
 
static inline char* to_charptr(const gchar* s) { return (char*)s; }
 
static inline GObject* to_GObject(void* o) { return G_OBJECT(o); }
 
static inline GoaObject* to_GoaObject(void* o) { return GOA_OBJECT(o); }
 
static GError* to_error(void* err) { return (GError*)err; }
 
static inline void free_string(char* s) { free(s); }
*/
import "C"
 
import (
    "os"
    "fmt"
    "errors"
    "unsafe"
    "github.com/mattn/go-gtk/glib"
    "github.com/mattn/go-gtk/gtk"
)
 
func InterfaceToVariant (data interface{}) (*C.GVariant, error) {
    switch data.(type) {
        case bool:
            if data.(bool) {
                return C.g_variant_new_boolean(C.TRUE), nil
            }
            return C.g_variant_new_boolean(C.FALSE), nil
        case byte:
            return C.g_variant_new_byte(C.guchar(data.(byte))), nil
        case int16:
            return C.g_variant_new_int16(C.gint16(data.(int16))), nil
        case uint16:
            return C.g_variant_new_uint16(C.guint16(data.(uint16))), nil
        case int32:
            return C.g_variant_new_int32(C.gint32(data.(int32))), nil
        case uint32:
            return C.g_variant_new_uint32(C.guint32(data.(uint32))), nil
        case int64:
            return C.g_variant_new_int64(C.gint64(data.(int64))), nil
        case uint64:
            return C.g_variant_new_uint64(C.guint64(data.(uint64))), nil
        case float32:
            return C.g_variant_new_double(C.gdouble(data.(float32))), nil
        case string:
            str := C.CString(data.(string))
            defer C.free_string(str)
            return C.g_variant_new_string(C.to_gcharptr(str)), nil
        default:
            return nil, errors.New("Could not covert interface to gvariant")
    }
    return nil, nil
}
 
// =============================== GError =====================================
 
type Error struct {
    GError *C.GError
}
 
func (v *Error) Error() string {
    return v.Message()
}
 
func (v *Error) Message() string {
    if unsafe.Pointer(v.GError) == nil || unsafe.Pointer(v.GError.message) == nil {
        return ""
    }
    return C.GoString(C.to_charptr(v.GError.message))
}
 
func ErrorFromNative(err unsafe.Pointer) *Error {
    return &Error{C.to_error(err)}
}
 
// ============================= Cancelable ===================================
 
type Cancellable struct {
    cancellable *C.GCancellable
}
 
func NewCancellable () (*Cancellable) {
    return &Cancellable{cancellable:C.g_cancellable_new()}
}
 
func (can *Cancellable) IsCancelled() bool {
    result := C.g_cancellable_is_cancelled(can.cancellable)
    if result != 0 {
        return true
    }
    return false
}
 
// TODO: somehow pass a gerror
//func (can *Cancellable) SetErrorIfCancelled () {
//}
 
func (can *Cancellable) GetFd () int32 {
    return int32(C.g_cancellable_get_fd(can.cancellable))
}
 
func (can *Cancellable) MakePollFd (poll *C.GPollFD) bool {
    return false
}
 
func (can *Cancellable) ReleaseFd () {
    C.g_cancellable_release_fd(can.cancellable)
}
 
func GetCurrent () *Cancellable {
    current := C.g_cancellable_get_current()
    return &Cancellable{cancellable:current}
}
 
func (can *Cancellable) PopCurrent () {
    C.g_cancellable_pop_current(can.cancellable)
}
 
func (can *Cancellable) PushCurrent () {
    C.g_cancellable_push_current(can.cancellable)
}
 
func (can *Cancellable) Reset () {
    C.g_cancellable_reset(can.cancellable)
}
 
func (can *Cancellable) Cancel () {
    C.g_cancellable_cancel(can.cancellable)
}
 
// TODO
//func (can *Cancellable) Connect () {
//}
 
//TODO
//func (can *Cancellable) Disonnect () {
//}
 
// ================================= Manager ===============================
 
type ManagerAsyncAddAccountCallback func(man *Manager, object_path string,
    err error)
 
type Manager struct {
    manager *C.GoaManager
}
 
func (man *Manager) CallAddAccount (provider string, identity string,
        presentation_identity string, credentials interface{}, details interface{},
        can *Cancellable, callback ManagerAsyncAddAccountCallback) {
 
    go func() {
        var cancellable *C.GCancellable
        if can != nil {
            cancellable = can.cancellable
        }
 
        provider_str := C.CString(provider)
        defer C.free_string(provider_str)
 
        identity_str := C.CString(identity)
        defer C.free_string(identity_str)
 
        presentation_identity_str := C.CString(presentation_identity)
        defer C.free_string(presentation_identity_str)
 
        cred, err := InterfaceToVariant(credentials)
        if err != nil {
            callback(man, "", err)
            return
        }
 
        det, err := InterfaceToVariant(details)
 
        if err != nil {
            callback(man, "", err)
            return
        }
 
        var gerror *C.GError
        var object_path *C.gchar
 
        C.goa_manager_call_add_account_sync(man.manager,
            C.to_gcharptr(provider_str), C.to_gcharptr(identity_str),
            C.to_gcharptr(presentation_identity_str), cred, det,
            &object_path, cancellable, &gerror)
 
        if gerror != nil {
            err := ErrorFromNative(unsafe.Pointer(gerror))
            callback(man, "", err)
            return
        }
        callback(man, C.GoString(C.to_charptr(object_path)), nil)
    }()
}
 
func (man *Manager) CallAddAccountSync (provider string, identity string,
        presentation_identity string, credentials interface{}, details interface{},
        can *Cancellable) (string, error) {
 
    var cancellable *C.GCancellable
    if can != nil {
        cancellable = can.cancellable
    }
 
    provider_str := C.CString(provider)
    defer C.free_string(provider_str)
 
    identity_str := C.CString(identity)
    defer C.free_string(identity_str)
 
    presentation_identity_str := C.CString(presentation_identity)
    defer C.free_string(presentation_identity_str)
 
    cred, err := InterfaceToVariant(credentials)
    if err != nil {
        return "", err
    }
 
    det, err := InterfaceToVariant(details)
 
    if err != nil {
        return "", err
    }
 
    var gerror *C.GError
    var object_path *C.gchar
 
    C.goa_manager_call_add_account_sync(man.manager,
        C.to_gcharptr(provider_str), C.to_gcharptr(identity_str),
        C.to_gcharptr(presentation_identity_str), cred, det,
        &object_path, cancellable, &gerror)
 
    if gerror != nil {
        err := ErrorFromNative(unsafe.Pointer(gerror))
        return "", err
    }
    return C.GoString(C.to_charptr(object_path)), nil
}
 
// ================================ Account ================================
 
type AccountAsyncEnsureCredentialsCallback func(man *Account,
    expires_in int32, err error)
 
type AccountAsyncRemoveCallback func(man *Account,
    err error)
 
type Account struct {
    account *C.GoaAccount
}
 
func (acc *Account) GetProviderType () string {
    provider := C.goa_account_dup_provider_type(acc.account)
    defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(provider))
    return C.GoString(C.to_charptr(provider))
}
 
func (acc *Account) GetProviderName () string {
    provider := C.goa_account_dup_provider_name(acc.account)
    defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(provider))
    return C.GoString(C.to_charptr(provider))
}
 
func (acc *Account) GetProviderIcon () string {
    provider := C.goa_account_dup_provider_icon(acc.account)
    defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(provider))
    return C.GoString(C.to_charptr(provider))
}
 
func (acc *Account) GetId () string {
    id := C.goa_account_dup_id(acc.account)
    defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(id))
    return C.GoString(C.to_charptr(id))
}
 
func (acc *Account) GetAttentionNeeded () bool {
    attention_needed := C.goa_account_get_attention_needed(acc.account)
    return C.TRUE == attention_needed
}
 
func (acc *Account) GetIdentity () string {
    identity := C.goa_account_dup_identity(acc.account)
    defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(identity))
    return C.GoString(C.to_charptr(identity))
}
 
func (acc *Account) GetPresentationIdentity () string {
    identity := C.goa_account_dup_presentation_identity(acc.account)
    defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(identity))
    return C.GoString(C.to_charptr(identity))
}
 
func (acc *Account) GetMailDisabled () bool {
    disabled := C.goa_account_get_mail_disabled(acc.account)
    return C.TRUE == disabled
}
 
func (acc *Account) GetCalendarDisabled () bool {
    disabled := C.goa_account_get_calendar_disabled(acc.account)
    return C.TRUE == disabled
}
 
func (acc *Account) GetContactsDisabled () bool {
    disabled := C.goa_account_get_contacts_disabled(acc.account)
    return C.TRUE == disabled
}
 
func (acc *Account) GetChatDisabled  () bool {
    disabled := C.goa_account_get_chat_disabled(acc.account)
    return C.TRUE == disabled
}
 
func (acc *Account) GetDocumentsDisabled () bool {
    disabled := C.goa_account_get_documents_disabled(acc.account)
    return C.TRUE == disabled
}
 
func (acc *Account) CallEnsureCredentials (can *Cancellable,
    callback AccountAsyncEnsureCredentialsCallback) {
 
    go func() {
        var cancellable *C.GCancellable
        if can != nil {
            cancellable = can.cancellable
        }
        var gerror *C.GError
        var gint C.gint
 
        C.goa_account_call_ensure_credentials_sync(acc.account, &gint,
            cancellable, &gerror)
 
        if gerror != nil {
            err := ErrorFromNative(unsafe.Pointer(gerror))
            callback(acc, 0, err)
            return
        }
        callback(acc, int32(gint), nil)
    }()
}
 
func (acc *Account) CallSyncEnsureCredentials (
    can *Cancellable) (int32, error) {
 
    var cancellable *C.GCancellable
    if can != nil {
        cancellable = can.cancellable
    }
    var gerror *C.GError
    var gint C.gint
 
    C.goa_account_call_ensure_credentials_sync(acc.account, &gint,
        cancellable, &gerror)
 
    if gerror != nil {
        err := ErrorFromNative(unsafe.Pointer(gerror))
        return 0, err
    }
    return int32(gint), nil
}
 
func (acc *Account) Remove (can *Cancellable,
    callback AccountAsyncRemoveCallback) {
 
    go func() {
 
        var cancellable *C.GCancellable
        if can != nil {
            cancellable = can.cancellable
        }
        var gerror *C.GError
        C.goa_account_call_remove_sync(acc.account, cancellable, &gerror)
        if gerror != nil {
            err := ErrorFromNative(unsafe.Pointer(gerror))
            callback(acc, err)
            return
        }
        callback(acc, nil)
    }()
}
 
func (acc *Account) SyncRemove (can *Cancellable) error {
 
    var cancellable *C.GCancellable
    if can != nil {
        cancellable = can.cancellable
    }
    var gerror *C.GError
    C.goa_account_call_remove_sync(acc.account, cancellable, &gerror)
    if gerror != nil {
        err := ErrorFromNative(unsafe.Pointer(gerror))
        return err
    }
    return nil
}
 
// =============================== OAuthBased ==============================
 
type OAuthBasedAsyncGetAccessTokenCallback func(man *OAuthBased,
    access_token string, access_token_secret string, expiration uint32,
    err error)
 
type OAuthBased struct {
    auth_base *C.GoaOAuthBased
}
 
func (oauth *OAuthBased) GetAccessToken (can *Cancellable,
    callback OAuthBasedAsyncGetAccessTokenCallback) {
    go func() {
        var cancellable *C.GCancellable
        if can != nil {
            cancellable = can.cancellable
        }
        var gaccess_token *C.gchar
        var gaccess_token_secret *C.gchar
        var gexpiration C.gint
        var gerror *C.GError
 
        C.goa_oauth_based_call_get_access_token_sync(oauth.auth_base, &gaccess_token,
            &gaccess_token_secret, &gexpiration, cancellable, &gerror)
        if gerror != nil {
            err := ErrorFromNative(unsafe.Pointer(gerror))
            callback(oauth, "", "", 0, err)
            return
        }
        // get the go types
 
        access_token := C.GoString(C.to_charptr(gaccess_token))
        access_token_secret := C.GoString(C.to_charptr(gaccess_token_secret))
        callback(oauth, access_token, access_token_secret,
            uint32(gexpiration), nil)
    }()
}
 
func (oauth *OAuthBased) GetAccessTokenSync (
    can *Cancellable) (string, string, uint32, error){
 
    var cancellable *C.GCancellable
    if can != nil {
        cancellable = can.cancellable
    }
    var gaccess_token *C.gchar
    var gaccess_token_secret *C.gchar
    var gexpiration C.gint
    var gerror *C.GError
 
    C.goa_oauth_based_call_get_access_token_sync(oauth.auth_base, &gaccess_token,
        &gaccess_token_secret, &gexpiration, cancellable, &gerror)
    if gerror != nil {
        err := ErrorFromNative(unsafe.Pointer(gerror))
        return "", "", 0, err
    }
    // get the go types
 
    access_token := C.GoString(C.to_charptr(gaccess_token))
    access_token_secret := C.GoString(C.to_charptr(gaccess_token_secret))
    return access_token, access_token_secret, uint32(gexpiration), nil
}
 
func (oauth *OAuthBased) GetConsumerKey () string {
    consumer_key := C.goa_oauth_based_dup_consumer_key(oauth.auth_base)
    defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(consumer_key))
    return C.GoString(C.to_charptr(consumer_key))
}
 
func (oauth *OAuthBased) GetConsumerSecret () string {
    consumer_secret := C.goa_oauth_based_dup_consumer_secret(oauth.auth_base)
    defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(consumer_secret))
    return C.GoString(C.to_charptr(consumer_secret))
}
 
// =============================== Auth2Based ===============================
 
type OAuthBased2AsyncGetAccessTokenCallback func(man *OAuth2Based,
    access_token string, expiration uint32, err error)
 
type OAuth2Based struct {
    auth_base *C.GoaOAuth2Based
}
 
func (oauth *OAuth2Based) GetClientId () string {
    id := C.goa_oauth2_based_dup_client_id(oauth.auth_base)
    defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(id))
    return C.GoString(C.to_charptr(id))
}
 
func (oauth *OAuth2Based) GetClientSecret () string {
    secret := C.goa_oauth2_based_dup_client_secret(oauth.auth_base)
    defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(secret))
    return C.GoString(C.to_charptr(secret))
}
 
func (oauth *OAuth2Based) CallGetAccessToken (can *Cancellable,
    callback OAuthBased2AsyncGetAccessTokenCallback) {
 
    go func() {
        var cancellable *C.GCancellable
        if can != nil {
            cancellable = can.cancellable
        }
        var gaccess_token *C.gchar
        var gexpiration C.gint
        var gerror *C.GError
        C.goa_oauth2_based_call_get_access_token_sync(oauth.auth_base,
            &gaccess_token, &gexpiration, cancellable, &gerror)
        if gerror != nil {
            err := ErrorFromNative(unsafe.Pointer(gerror))
            callback(oauth, "", 0, err)
            return
        }
        access_token := C.GoString(C.to_charptr(gaccess_token))
        callback(oauth, access_token, uint32(gexpiration), nil)
    }()
}
 
func (oauth *OAuth2Based) CallGetAccessTokenSync (
    can *Cancellable) (string, uint32, error) {
 
    var cancellable *C.GCancellable
    if can != nil {
        cancellable = can.cancellable
    }
    var gaccess_token *C.gchar
    var gexpiration C.gint
    var gerror *C.GError
    C.goa_oauth2_based_call_get_access_token_sync(oauth.auth_base,
        &gaccess_token, &gexpiration, cancellable, &gerror)
    if gerror != nil {
        err := ErrorFromNative(unsafe.Pointer(gerror))
        return "", 0, err
     }
     access_token := C.GoString(C.to_charptr(gaccess_token))
     return access_token, uint32(gexpiration), nil
}
 
// =================================== Mail =================================
 
type Mail struct {
    mail *C.GoaMail
}
 
func (mail *Mail) GetEmailAdress () string {
    address := C.goa_mail_dup_email_address(mail.mail)
    defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(address))
    return C.GoString(C.to_charptr(address))
}
 
func (mail *Mail) GetImapHost () string {
    host := C.goa_mail_dup_imap_host(mail.mail)
    defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(host))
    return C.GoString(C.to_charptr(host))
}
 
func (mail *Mail) GetImapSupported () bool {
    return C.TRUE == C.goa_mail_get_imap_supported(mail.mail)
}
 
func (mail *Mail) GetImapUseTls () bool {
    return C.TRUE == C.goa_mail_get_imap_use_tls(mail.mail)
}
 
func (mail *Mail) GetImapUserName () string {
    username := C.goa_mail_dup_imap_user_name(mail.mail)
    defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(username))
    return C.GoString(C.to_charptr(username))
}
 
func (mail *Mail) GetSmtpHost () string {
    host := C.goa_mail_dup_smtp_host(mail.mail)
    defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(host))
    return C.GoString(C.to_charptr(host))
}
 
func (mail *Mail) GetSmtpSupported () bool {
    return C.TRUE == C.goa_mail_get_smtp_supported(mail.mail)
}
 
func (mail *Mail) GetSmtpUseTls () bool {
    return C.TRUE == C.goa_mail_get_smtp_use_tls(mail.mail)
}
 
func (mail *Mail) GetSmtpUserName () string {
    username := C.goa_mail_dup_smtp_user_name(mail.mail)
    defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(username))
    return C.GoString(C.to_charptr(username))
}
 
// ================================== Calendar ==============================
 
type Calendar struct {
    calendar *C.GoaCalendar
}
 
// =================================== Contacts =============================
 
type Contacts struct {
    contacts *C.GoaContacts
}
 
// ===================================== Chat ===============================
 
type Chat struct {
    chat *C.GoaChat
}
 
// ===================================== Documents ===========================
 
type Documents struct {
    docs *C.GoaDocuments
}
 
// ====================================== Exchanges ==========================
 
type Exchange struct {
    exchange *C.GoaExchange
}
 
// ================================== Object ===============================
 
type Object struct {
    object *C.GoaObject
}
 
func (obj *Object) GetManager () *Manager {
    c_data := C.goa_object_get_manager(obj.object)
    if c_data != nil {
        return &Manager{manager:c_data}
    }
    return nil
}
 
func (obj *Object) GetAccount () *Account {
    c_data := C.goa_object_get_account(obj.object)
    if c_data != nil {
        return &Account{account:c_data}
    }
    return nil
}
 
func (obj *Object) GetOauthBased () *OAuthBased {
    c_data := C.goa_object_get_oauth_based(obj.object)
    if c_data != nil {
        return &OAuthBased{auth_base:c_data}
    }
    return nil
}
 
func (obj *Object) GetOauth2Based () *OAuth2Based {
    c_data := C.goa_object_get_oauth2_based(obj.object)
    if c_data != nil {
        return &OAuth2Based{auth_base:c_data}
    }
    return nil
}
 
func (obj *Object) GetMail () *Mail {
    c_data := C.goa_object_get_mail(obj.object)
    if c_data != nil {
        return &Mail{mail:c_data}
    }
    return nil
}
 
func (obj *Object) GetCalendar () *Calendar {
    c_data := C.goa_object_get_calendar(obj.object)
    if c_data != nil {
        return &Calendar{calendar:c_data}
    }
    return nil
}
 
func (obj *Object) GetContacts () *Contacts {
    c_data := C.goa_object_get_contacts(obj.object)
    if c_data != nil {
        return &Contacts{contacts:c_data}
    }
    return nil
}
 
func (obj *Object) GetChat () *Chat {
    c_data := C.goa_object_get_chat(obj.object)
    if c_data != nil {
        return &Chat{chat:c_data}
    }
    return nil
}
 
func (obj *Object) GetDocuments () *Documents {
    c_data := C.goa_object_get_documents(obj.object)
    if c_data != nil {
        return &Documents{docs:c_data}
    }
    return nil
}
 
func (obj *Object) GetExchange () *Exchange {
    c_data := C.goa_object_get_exchange(obj.object)
    if c_data != nil {
        return &Exchange{exchange:c_data}
    }
    return nil
}
 
// ================================== Client ===============================
 
type ClientAsyncReadyCallback func(client *Client, err error)
 
type Client struct {
    client *C.GoaClient
}
 
func NewSyncClient (can *Cancellable) (*Client, error) {
    var gerror *C.GError
    var cancellable *C.GCancellable
    if can != nil {
        cancellable = can.cancellable
    }
    goa_client := &Client{client:C.goa_client_new_sync(cancellable, &gerror)}
    if gerror != nil {
        err := ErrorFromNative(unsafe.Pointer(gerror))
		return nil, err
    }
    return goa_client, nil
}
 
func NewClient (can *Cancellable, callback ClientAsyncReadyCallback) {
    go func(){
        var gerror *C.GError
        var cancellable *C.GCancellable
        if can != nil {
            cancellable = can.cancellable
        }
        goa_client := &Client{
            client:C.goa_client_new_sync(cancellable, &gerror)}
 
        if gerror != nil {
            err := ErrorFromNative(unsafe.Pointer(gerror))
		    callback(nil, err)
            return
        }
        callback(goa_client, nil)
    }()
}
 
func (client *Client) GetManager () *Manager {
    return &Manager{manager:C.goa_client_get_manager(client.client)}
}
 
func (client *Client) GetAccounts () ([]*Object, uint) {
    accounts_list := C.goa_client_get_accounts(client.client)
    // free the glist
    defer C.g_list_free(accounts_list)
 
    length := C.g_list_length(accounts_list)
    result := make([]*Object, C.g_list_length(accounts_list))
    // construct each of the goa objects and add them to the array
 
    for n := C.guint(0); n < length; n++ {
        data:= C.g_list_nth_data(accounts_list, n)
        pointer := unsafe.Pointer(data)
        goa_object := &Object{object:C.to_GoaObject(pointer)}
        result[uint(n)] = goa_object
    }
 
    return result, uint(length)
}
 
func (client *Client) LookupById (account_id string) *Object {
    account_id_str := C.CString(account_id)
    defer C.free_string(account_id_str)
 
    return &Object{object:C.goa_client_lookup_by_id(client.client,
        C.to_gcharptr(account_id_str))}
}
 
func (client *Client) Connect(s string, f interface{}, datas ...interface{}) {
    glib.ObjectFromNative(unsafe.Pointer(
        C.to_GObject(unsafe.Pointer(client.client)))).Connect(s, f, datas...)
}
 
 
func main() {
    fmt.Println("test")
    gtk.Init(&os.Args)
    go func () {
        client, err := NewSyncClient(nil)
        if err != nil {
            fmt.Println("Got error getting client")
        }
        accounts, length := client.GetAccounts()
        fmt.Printf("Got %d accounts backn", length)
        for n := uint(0); n < length; n++ {
            account := accounts[n].GetAccount()
            fmt.Printf("Account %sn", account.GetId())
            fmt.Println("tAccount info:")
            fmt.Printf("ttProvider type:tt%sn", account.GetProviderType())
            fmt.Printf("ttProvider name:tt%sn", account.GetProviderName())
            fmt.Printf("ttIdentity:tt%sn", account.GetIdentity())
            fmt.Printf("ttPresentation identity:t%sn",
                account.GetPresentationIdentity())
            mail := accounts[n].GetMail()
            if mail != nil {
                fmt.Printf("tEmail info:n")
                fmt.Printf("ttEmail address:tt%sn", mail.GetEmailAdress())
                fmt.Printf("ttImap host:tt%sn", mail.GetImapHost())
                fmt.Printf("ttSmtp host:tt%sn", mail.GetSmtpHost())
            }
        }
    }()
    gtk.Main()
}

Read more
mandel

I really hate my voice when I hear myself in videos etc.. but well, it happens to most of us. Here is the small rant ralsina and I had about multi-platform programming with python:

Read more
mandel

The following behaviour completely got me out of place:

>>> byte_string = b'Test'
>>> byte_string[0] == b'T'
False
>>> byte_string[0] in b'T'
True
>>> byte_string[0]        
84
>>> b'T'
b'T'

Turns out this is documented (blame me I did not read the docs!!!). The correct way to do it is:

>>> byte_string = b'Test'
>>> byte_string[:1] == b'T'
True

I really hope we don’t have any code that does this operations.

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mandel

So yet again I have been confronted with broken tests in Ubuntu One. As I have already mentioned before I have spent a significant amount of time ensuring that the tests of Ubuntu One (which use twisted a lot) are deterministic and we do not leave a dirty reactor in the way. In order to do that a few week a go I wrote the following code that will help the rest of the team write such tests:

import os
import shutil
import tempfile
 
from twisted.internet import defer, endpoints, protocol
from twisted.spread import pb
 
from ubuntuone.devtools.testcases import BaseTestCase
 
# no init method +  twisted common warnings
# pylint: disable=W0232, C0103, E1101
 
 
def server_protocol_factory(cls):
    """Factory to create tidy protocols."""
 
    if cls is None:
        cls = protocol.Protocol
 
    class ServerTidyProtocol(cls):
        """A tidy protocol."""
 
        def connectionLost(self, *args):
            """Lost the connection."""
            cls.connectionLost(self, *args)
            # lets tell everyone
            # pylint: disable=W0212
            if (self.factory._disconnecting
                    and self.factory.testserver_on_connection_lost is not None
                    and not self.factory.testserver_on_connection_lost.called):
                self.factory.testserver_on_connection_lost.callback(self)
            # pylint: enable=W0212
 
    return ServerTidyProtocol
 
 
def client_protocol_factory(cls):
    """Factory to create tidy protocols."""
 
    if cls is None:
        cls = protocol.Protocol
 
    class ClientTidyProtocol(cls):
        """A tidy protocol."""
 
        def connectionLost(self, *a):
            """Connection list."""
            # pylint: disable=W0212
            if (self.factory._disconnecting
                    and self.factory.testserver_on_connection_lost is not None
                    and not self.factory.testserver_on_connection_lost.called):
                self.factory.testserver_on_connection_lost.callback(self)
            # pylint: enable=W0212
            cls.connectionLost(self, *a)
 
    return ClientTidyProtocol
 
 
class TidySocketServer(object):
    """Ensure that twisted servers are correctly managed in tests.
 
    Closing a twisted server is a complicated matter. In order to do so you
    have to ensure that three different deferreds are fired:
 
        1. The server must stop listening.
        2. The client connection must disconnect.
        3. The server connection must disconnect.
 
    This class allows to create a server and a client that will ensure that
    the reactor is left clean by following the pattern described at
    http://mumak.net/stuff/twisted-disconnect.html
    """
    def __init__(self):
        """Create a new instance."""
        self.listener = None
        self.server_factory = None
 
        self.connector = None
        self.client_factory = None
 
    def get_server_endpoint(self):
        """Return the server endpoint description."""
        raise NotImplementedError('To be implemented by child classes.')
 
    def get_client_endpoint(self):
        """Return the client endpoint description."""
        raise NotImplementedError('To be implemented by child classes.')
 
    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def listen_server(self, server_class, *args, **kwargs):
        """Start a server in a random port."""
        from twisted.internet import reactor
        self.server_factory = server_class(*args, **kwargs)
        self.server_factory._disconnecting = False
        self.server_factory.testserver_on_connection_lost = defer.Deferred()
        self.server_factory.protocol = server_protocol_factory(
                                                 self.server_factory.protocol)
        endpoint = endpoints.serverFromString(reactor,
                                              self.get_server_endpoint())
        self.listener = yield endpoint.listen(self.server_factory)
        defer.returnValue(self.server_factory)
 
    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def connect_client(self, client_class, *args, **kwargs):
        """Conect a client to a given server."""
        from twisted.internet import reactor
 
        if self.server_factory is None:
            raise ValueError('Server Factory was not provided.')
        if self.listener is None:
            raise ValueError('%s has not started listening.',
                             self.server_factory)
 
        self.client_factory = client_class(*args, **kwargs)
        self.client_factory._disconnecting = False
        self.client_factory.protocol = client_protocol_factory(
                                                 self.client_factory.protocol)
        self.client_factory.testserver_on_connection_lost = defer.Deferred()
        endpoint = endpoints.clientFromString(reactor,
                                                    self.get_client_endpoint())
        self.connector = yield endpoint.connect(self.client_factory)
        defer.returnValue(self.client_factory)
 
    def clean_up(self):
        """Action to be performed for clean up."""
        if self.server_factory is None or self.listener is None:
            # nothing to clean
            return defer.succeed(None)
 
        if self.listener and self.connector:
            # clean client and server
            self.server_factory._disconnecting = True
            self.client_factory._disconnecting = True
            self.connector.transport.loseConnection()
            d = defer.maybeDeferred(self.listener.stopListening)
            return defer.gatherResults([d,
                self.client_factory.testserver_on_connection_lost,
                self.server_factory.testserver_on_connection_lost])
        if self.listener:
            # just clean the server since there is no client
            self.server_factory._disconnecting = True
            return defer.maybeDeferred(self.listener.stopListening)
 
 
class TidyTCPServer(TidySocketServer):
    """A tidy tcp domain sockets server."""
 
    client_endpoint_pattern = 'tcp:host=127.0.0.1:port=%s'
    server_endpoint_pattern = 'tcp:0:interface=127.0.0.1'
 
    def get_server_endpoint(self):
        """Return the server endpoint description."""
        return self.server_endpoint_pattern
 
    def get_client_endpoint(self):
        """Return the client endpoint description."""
        if self.server_factory is None:
            raise ValueError('Server Factory was not provided.')
        if self.listener is None:
            raise ValueError('%s has not started listening.',
                                                          self.server_factory)
        return self.client_endpoint_pattern % self.listener.getHost().port
 
 
class TidyUnixServer(TidySocketServer):
    """A tidy unix domain sockets server."""
 
    client_endpoint_pattern = 'unix:path=%s'
    server_endpoint_pattern = 'unix:%s'
 
    def __init__(self):
        """Create a new instance."""
        super(TidyUnixServer, self).__init__()
        self.temp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
        self.path = os.path.join(self.temp_dir, 'tidy_unix_server')
 
    def get_server_endpoint(self):
        """Return the server endpoint description."""
        return self.server_endpoint_pattern % self.path
 
    def get_client_endpoint(self):
        """Return the client endpoint description."""
        return self.client_endpoint_pattern % self.path
 
    def clean_up(self):
        """Action to be performed for clean up."""
        result = super(TidyUnixServer, self).clean_up()
        # remove the dir once we are disconnected
        result.addCallback(lambda _: shutil.rmtree(self.temp_dir))
        return result
 
 
class ServerTestCase(BaseTestCase):
    """Base test case for tidy servers."""
 
    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def setUp(self):
        """Set the diff tests."""
        yield super(ServerTestCase, self).setUp()
 
        try:
            self.server_runner = self.get_server()
        except NotImplementedError:
            self.server_runner = None
 
        self.server_factory = None
        self.client_factory = None
        self.server_disconnected = None
        self.client_connected = None
        self.client_disconnected = None
        self.listener = None
        self.connector = None
        self.addCleanup(self.tear_down_server_client)
 
    def get_server(self):
        """Return the server to be used to run the tests."""
        raise NotImplementedError('To be implemented by child classes.')
 
    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def listen_server(self, server_class, *args, **kwargs):
        """Listen a server.
 
        The method takes the server class and the arguments that should be
        passed to the server constructor.
        """
        self.server_factory = yield self.server_runner.listen_server(
                                                server_class, *args, **kwargs)
        self.server_disconnected = 
                self.server_factory.testserver_on_connection_lost
        self.listener = self.server_runner.listener
 
    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def connect_client(self, client_class, *args, **kwargs):
        """Connect the client.
 
        The method takes the client factory  class and the arguments that
        should be passed to the client constructor.
        """
        self.client_factory = yield self.server_runner.connect_client(
                                                client_class, *args, **kwargs)
        self.client_disconnected = 
                self.client_factory.testserver_on_connection_lost
        self.connector = self.server_runner.connector
 
    def tear_down_server_client(self):
        """Clean the server and client."""
        if self.server_runner:
            return self.server_runner.clean_up()
 
 
class TCPServerTestCase(ServerTestCase):
    """Test that uses a single twisted server."""
 
    def get_server(self):
        """Return the server to be used to run the tests."""
        return TidyTCPServer()
 
 
class UnixServerTestCase(ServerTestCase):
    """Test that uses a single twisted server."""
 
    def get_server(self):
        """Return the server to be used to run the tests."""
        return TidyUnixServer()
 
 
class PbServerTestCase(ServerTestCase):
    """Test a pb server."""
 
    def get_server(self):
        """Return the server to be used to run the tests."""
        raise NotImplementedError('To be implemented by child classes.')
 
    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def listen_server(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """Listen a pb server."""
        yield super(PbServerTestCase, self).listen_server(pb.PBServerFactory,
                                                              *args, **kwargs)
 
    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def connect_client(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """Connect a pb client."""
        yield super(PbServerTestCase, self).connect_client(pb.PBClientFactory,
                                                              *args, **kwargs)
 
 
class TCPPbServerTestCase(PbServerTestCase):
    """Test a pb server over TCP."""
 
    def get_server(self):
        """Return the server to be used to run the tests."""
        return TidyTCPServer()
 
 
class UnixPbServerTestCase(PbServerTestCase):
    """Test a pb server over Unix domain sockets."""
 
    def get_server(self):
        """Return the server to be used to run the tests."""
        return TidyUnixServer()

The idea of the code is that developers do not need to worry about how to stop listening ports in their tests and just write tests like the following:

class TCPMultipleServersTestCase(TestCase):
    """Ensure that several servers can be ran."""
 
    timeout = 2
 
    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def setUp(self):
        """Set the diff tests."""
        yield super(TCPMultipleServersTestCase, self).setUp()
        self.first_tcp_server = self.get_server()
        self.second_tcp_server = self.get_server()
        self.adder = Adder()
        self.calculator = Calculator(self.adder)
        self.echoer = Echoer()
 
    def get_server(self):
        """Return the server to be used to run the tests."""
        return TidyTCPServer()
 
    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def test_single_server(self):
        """Test setting a single server."""
        first_number = 1
        second_number = 2
        yield self.first_tcp_server.listen_server(pb.PBServerFactory,
                                                              self.calculator)
        self.addCleanup(self.first_tcp_server.clean_up)
        calculator_c = yield self.first_tcp_server.connect_client(
                                                           pb.PBClientFactory)
        calculator = yield calculator_c.getRootObject()
        adder = yield calculator.callRemote('get_adder')
        result = yield adder.callRemote('add', first_number, second_number)
        self.assertEqual(first_number + second_number, result)
 
    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def test_multiple_server(self):
        """Test setting multiple server."""
        first_number = 1
        second_number = 2
        # first server
        yield self.first_tcp_server.listen_server(pb.PBServerFactory,
                                                              self.calculator)
        self.addCleanup(self.first_tcp_server.clean_up)
 
        # second server
        yield self.second_tcp_server.listen_server(pb.PBServerFactory,
                                                   self.echoer)
        self.addCleanup(self.second_tcp_server.clean_up)
 
        # connect the diff clients
        calculator_c = yield self.first_tcp_server.connect_client(
                                                           pb.PBClientFactory)
        echoer_c = yield self.second_tcp_server.connect_client(
                                                           pb.PBClientFactory)
 
        calculator = yield calculator_c.getRootObject()
        adder = yield calculator.callRemote('get_adder')
        result = yield adder.callRemote('add', first_number, second_number)
        self.assertEqual(first_number + second_number, result)
        echoer = yield echoer_c.getRootObject()
        echo = yield echoer.callRemote('say', 'hello')
        self.assertEqual(self.echoer.remote_say('hello'), echo)

As you can see those tests do not give a rats ass about ensuring that the clients lose connection or we stop listening ports… Or so I though because the following code made such approach break in Mac OS X (although I suspect it was broken on Linux and Windows but we never experienced it):

class NullProtocol(protocol.Protocol):
    """A protocol that drops the connection."""
 
    def connectionMade(self):
        """Just drop the connection."""
        self.transport.loseConnection()
 
 
class PortDetectFactory(protocol.ClientFactory):
    """Will detect if something is listening in a given port."""
 
    protocol = NullProtocol
 
    def __init__(self):
        """Initialize this instance."""
        self.d = defer.Deferred()
 
    def is_listening(self):
        """A deferred that will become True if something is listening."""
        return self.d
 
    def buildProtocol(self, addr):
        """Connected."""
        p = protocol.ClientFactory.buildProtocol(self, addr)
        if not self.d.called:
            self.d.callback(True)
        return p
 
    def clientConnectionLost(self, connector, reason):
        """The connection was lost."""
        if not self.d.called:
            self.d.callback(False)
 
    def clientConnectionFailed(self, connector, reason):
        """The connection failed."""
        if not self.d.called:
            self.d.callback(False)

The code used to test the above was written as:

    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def test_is_already_running(self):
        """The is_already_running method returns True if already started."""
        server = self.get_server()
        self.addCleanup(server.clean_up)
 
        class TestConnect(object):
 
            @defer.inlineCallbacks
            def connect(my_self, factory):
                connected_factory = yield server.connect_client(PortDetectFactory)
                self.patch(factory, 'is_listening', lambda:
                        connected_factory.is_listening())
                defer.returnValue(connected_factory)
 
        self.patch(tcpactivation, 'clientFromString', lambda *args: TestConnect())
 
        yield server.listen_server(protocol.ServerFactory)
 
        # pylint: disable=E1101
        ad = ActivationDetector(self.config)
        result = yield ad.is_already_running()
        self.assertTrue(result, "It should be already running.")

While in all the other platforms the tests passed with no problems on Mac OS X the tests would block in the clean_up method from the server because the deferred that was called in the connectionLost from the ServerTidyProtocol was never fired… Interesting.. After digging in the code I realized that the main issue with the approach of the clean_up code was wrong. The problem relies on the way in which the NullProtocol works. As you can see in the code the protocol loses its connections as soon as it made. This results in to possible things:

  1. The server does know that we have a client connected and calls buildProtocol.
  2. The connection is lost so fast that the buildProtocol on the ServerFactory does not get call.

When running the tests on Windows and Linux we were always facing the first scenario, buildProtocol was called which meant that connectionLost in the server protocol would be called. On the other hand, on Mac OS X, 1 out of 10 runs of the tests would block in the clean up because we would be in the second scenario, that is, no protocol would be build in the ServerFactory which results in the connectionLost never being called because it was no needed. The work around this issue is quite simple once you understand what is going on. The ServerFactory has to be modified to set the deferred when buildProtocol is called and not before ensuring that when we cleanup we check if the deferred is None and if it is not we wait for it to be fired. The fixed version of the helper code is the following:

import os
import shutil
import tempfile
 
from twisted.internet import defer, endpoints, protocol
from twisted.spread import pb
 
from ubuntuone.devtools.testcases import BaseTestCase
 
# no init method + twisted common warnings
# pylint: disable=W0232, C0103, E1101
 
 
def server_protocol_factory(cls):
    """Factory to create tidy protocols."""
 
    if cls is None:
        cls = protocol.Protocol
 
    class ServerTidyProtocol(cls):
        """A tidy protocol."""
 
        def connectionLost(self, *args):
            """Lost the connection."""
            cls.connectionLost(self, *args)
            # lets tell everyone
            # pylint: disable=W0212
            if (self.factory._disconnecting
                    and self.factory.testserver_on_connection_lost is not None
                    and not self.factory.testserver_on_connection_lost.called):
                self.factory.testserver_on_connection_lost.callback(self)
            # pylint: enable=W0212
 
    return ServerTidyProtocol
 
 
def server_factory_factory(cls):
    """Factory that creates special types of factories for tests."""
 
    if cls is None:
        cls = protocol.ServerFactory
 
    class TidyServerFactory(cls):
        """A tidy factory."""
 
        testserver_on_connection_lost = None
 
        def buildProtocol(self, addr):
            prot = cls.buildProtocol(self, addr)
            self.testserver_on_connection_lost = defer.Deferred()
            return prot
 
    return TidyServerFactory
 
 
def client_protocol_factory(cls):
    """Factory to create tidy protocols."""
 
    if cls is None:
        cls = protocol.Protocol
 
    class ClientTidyProtocol(cls):
        """A tidy protocol."""
 
        def connectionLost(self, *a):
            """Connection list."""
            cls.connectionLost(self, *a)
            # pylint: disable=W0212
            if (self.factory._disconnecting
                    and self.factory.testserver_on_connection_lost is not None
                    and not self.factory.testserver_on_connection_lost.called):
                self.factory.testserver_on_connection_lost.callback(self)
            # pylint: enable=W0212
 
    return ClientTidyProtocol
 
 
class TidySocketServer(object):
    """Ensure that twisted servers are correctly managed in tests.
 
    Closing a twisted server is a complicated matter. In order to do so you
    have to ensure that three different deferreds are fired:
 
        1. The server must stop listening.
        2. The client connection must disconnect.
        3. The server connection must disconnect.
 
    This class allows to create a server and a client that will ensure that
    the reactor is left clean by following the pattern described at
    http://mumak.net/stuff/twisted-disconnect.html
    """
    def __init__(self):
        """Create a new instance."""
        self.listener = None
        self.server_factory = None
 
        self.connector = None
        self.client_factory = None
 
    def get_server_endpoint(self):
        """Return the server endpoint description."""
        raise NotImplementedError('To be implemented by child classes.')
 
    def get_client_endpoint(self):
        """Return the client endpoint description."""
        raise NotImplementedError('To be implemented by child classes.')
 
    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def listen_server(self, server_class, *args, **kwargs):
        """Start a server in a random port."""
        from twisted.internet import reactor
        tidy_class = server_factory_factory(server_class)
        self.server_factory = tidy_class(*args, **kwargs)
        self.server_factory._disconnecting = False
        self.server_factory.protocol = server_protocol_factory(
                                                 self.server_factory.protocol)
        endpoint = endpoints.serverFromString(reactor,
                                              self.get_server_endpoint())
        self.listener = yield endpoint.listen(self.server_factory)
        defer.returnValue(self.server_factory)
 
    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def connect_client(self, client_class, *args, **kwargs):
        """Conect a client to a given server."""
        from twisted.internet import reactor
 
        if self.server_factory is None:
            raise ValueError('Server Factory was not provided.')
        if self.listener is None:
            raise ValueError('%s has not started listening.',
                             self.server_factory)
 
        self.client_factory = client_class(*args, **kwargs)
        self.client_factory._disconnecting = False
        self.client_factory.protocol = client_protocol_factory(
                                                 self.client_factory.protocol)
        self.client_factory.testserver_on_connection_lost = defer.Deferred()
        endpoint = endpoints.clientFromString(reactor,
                                                    self.get_client_endpoint())
        self.connector = yield endpoint.connect(self.client_factory)
        defer.returnValue(self.client_factory)
 
    def clean_up(self):
        """Action to be performed for clean up."""
        if self.server_factory is None or self.listener is None:
            # nothing to clean
            return defer.succeed(None)
 
        if self.listener and self.connector:
            # clean client and server
            self.server_factory._disconnecting = True
            self.client_factory._disconnecting = True
            d = defer.maybeDeferred(self.listener.stopListening)
            self.connector.transport.loseConnection()
            if self.server_factory.testserver_on_connection_lost:
                return defer.gatherResults([d,
                    self.client_factory.testserver_on_connection_lost,
                    self.server_factory.testserver_on_connection_lost])
            else:
                return defer.gatherResults([d,
                    self.client_factory.testserver_on_connection_lost])
        if self.listener:
            # just clean the server since there is no client
            # pylint: disable=W0201
            self.server_factory._disconnecting = True
            return defer.maybeDeferred(self.listener.stopListening)
            # pylint: enable=W0201
 
 
class TidyTCPServer(TidySocketServer):
    """A tidy tcp domain sockets server."""
 
    client_endpoint_pattern = 'tcp:host=127.0.0.1:port=%s'
    server_endpoint_pattern = 'tcp:0:interface=127.0.0.1'
 
    def get_server_endpoint(self):
        """Return the server endpoint description."""
        return self.server_endpoint_pattern
 
    def get_client_endpoint(self):
        """Return the client endpoint description."""
        if self.server_factory is None:
            raise ValueError('Server Factory was not provided.')
        if self.listener is None:
            raise ValueError('%s has not started listening.',
                                                          self.server_factory)
        return self.client_endpoint_pattern % self.listener.getHost().port
 
 
class TidyUnixServer(TidySocketServer):
    """A tidy unix domain sockets server."""
 
    client_endpoint_pattern = 'unix:path=%s'
    server_endpoint_pattern = 'unix:%s'
 
    def __init__(self):
        """Create a new instance."""
        super(TidyUnixServer, self).__init__()
        self.temp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
        self.path = os.path.join(self.temp_dir, 'tidy_unix_server')
 
    def get_server_endpoint(self):
        """Return the server endpoint description."""
        return self.server_endpoint_pattern % self.path
 
    def get_client_endpoint(self):
        """Return the client endpoint description."""
        return self.client_endpoint_pattern % self.path
 
    def clean_up(self):
        """Action to be performed for clean up."""
        result = super(TidyUnixServer, self).clean_up()
        # remove the dir once we are disconnected
        result.addCallback(lambda _: shutil.rmtree(self.temp_dir))
        return result
 
 
class ServerTestCase(BaseTestCase):
    """Base test case for tidy servers."""
 
    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def setUp(self):
        """Set the diff tests."""
        yield super(ServerTestCase, self).setUp()
 
        try:
            self.server_runner = self.get_server()
        except NotImplementedError:
            self.server_runner = None
 
        self.server_factory = None
        self.client_factory = None
        self.server_disconnected = None
        self.client_connected = None
        self.client_disconnected = None
        self.listener = None
        self.connector = None
        self.addCleanup(self.tear_down_server_client)
 
    def get_server(self):
        """Return the server to be used to run the tests."""
        raise NotImplementedError('To be implemented by child classes.')
 
    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def listen_server(self, server_class, *args, **kwargs):
        """Listen a server.
 
        The method takes the server class and the arguments that should be
        passed to the server constructor.
        """
        self.server_factory = yield self.server_runner.listen_server(
                                                server_class, *args, **kwargs)
        self.server_disconnected = 
                self.server_factory.testserver_on_connection_lost
        self.listener = self.server_runner.listener
 
    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def connect_client(self, client_class, *args, **kwargs):
        """Connect the client.
 
        The method takes the client factory  class and the arguments that
        should be passed to the client constructor.
        """
        self.client_factory = yield self.server_runner.connect_client(
                                                client_class, *args, **kwargs)
        self.client_disconnected = 
                self.client_factory.testserver_on_connection_lost
        self.connector = self.server_runner.connector
 
    def tear_down_server_client(self):
        """Clean the server and client."""
        if self.server_runner:
            return self.server_runner.clean_up()
 
 
class TCPServerTestCase(ServerTestCase):
    """Test that uses a single twisted server."""
 
    def get_server(self):
        """Return the server to be used to run the tests."""
        return TidyTCPServer()
 
 
class UnixServerTestCase(ServerTestCase):
    """Test that uses a single twisted server."""
 
    def get_server(self):
        """Return the server to be used to run the tests."""
        return TidyUnixServer()
 
 
class PbServerTestCase(ServerTestCase):
    """Test a pb server."""
 
    def get_server(self):
        """Return the server to be used to run the tests."""
        raise NotImplementedError('To be implemented by child classes.')
 
    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def listen_server(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """Listen a pb server."""
        yield super(PbServerTestCase, self).listen_server(pb.PBServerFactory,
                                                              *args, **kwargs)
 
    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def connect_client(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """Connect a pb client."""
        yield super(PbServerTestCase, self).connect_client(pb.PBClientFactory,
                                                              *args, **kwargs)
 
 
class TCPPbServerTestCase(PbServerTestCase):
    """Test a pb server over TCP."""
 
    def get_server(self):
        """Return the server to be used to run the tests."""
        return TidyTCPServer()
 
 
class UnixPbServerTestCase(PbServerTestCase):
    """Test a pb server over Unix domain sockets."""
 
    def get_server(self):
        """Return the server to be used to run the tests."""
        return TidyUnixServer()

I wonder if at some point I should share this code for the people out there… any opinions?

Read more
mandel

The last few days I have taken a considerable time to remove all the errors from the Ubuntu One tests on Windows. The tests were leaving tcp connections in the twisted reactor that on some Windows systems will result on a DirtyReactorError which is a PITA. Due to a refactor the pattern I described here was remove (ouch!) and I had to re-add it. In this case, instead of doing the pattern everywhere is needed I created some helper classes that will ensure that the clients and servers are correctly cleaned up after you use them.

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from twisted.internet import defer, protocol, reactor
from twisted.spread import pb
 
from ubuntuone.devtools.testcases import BaseTestCase
 
# no init method +  twisted common warnings
# pylint: disable=W0232, C0103, E1101
 
 
def server_protocol_factory(cls):
    """Factory to create tidy protocols."""
 
    if cls is None:
        cls = protocol.Protocol
 
    class ServerSaveProtocol(cls):
        """A tidy protocol."""
 
        def connectionLost(self, *args):
            """Lost the connection."""
            cls.connectionLost(self, *args)
            # lets tell everyone
            # pylint: disable=W0212
            if (self.factory._disconnecting
                    and self.factory.testserver_on_connection_lost is not None
                    and not self.factory.testserver_on_connection_lost.called):
                self.factory.testserver_on_connection_lost.callback(self)
            # pylint: enable=W0212
 
    return ServerSaveProtocol
 
 
def client_protocol_factory(cls):
    """Factory to create tidy protocols."""
 
    if cls is None:
        cls = protocol.Protocol
 
    class ClientSaveProtocol(cls):
        """A tidy protocol."""
 
        def connectionMade(self):
            """Connection made."""
            if (self.factory.testserver_on_connection_made is not None
                    and not self.factory.testserver_on_connection_made.called):
                self.factory.testserver_on_connection_made.callback(self)
            cls.connectionMade(self)
 
        def connectionLost(self, *a):
            """Connection list."""
            # pylint: disable=W0212
            if (self.factory._disconnecting
                    and self.factory.testserver_on_connection_lost is not None
                    and not self.factory.testserver_on_connection_lost.called):
                self.factory.testserver_on_connection_lost.callback(self)
            # pylint: enable=W0212
            cls.connectionLost(self, *a)
 
    return ClientSaveProtocol
 
 
class TidyTCPServer(object):
    """Ensure that twisted services are correctly managed in tests.
 
    Closing a twisted service is a complicated matter. In order to do so you
    have to ensure that three different deferreds are fired:
 
        1. The server must stop listening.
        2. The client connection must disconnect.
        3. The server connection must disconnect.
 
    This class allows to create a service and a client that will ensure that
    the reactor is left clean by following the pattern described at
    http://mumak.net/stuff/twisted-disconnect.html
    """
 
    def __init__(self):
        """Create a new instance."""
        self.listener = None
        self.server_factory = None
 
        self.connector = None
        self.client_factory = None
 
    def listen_server(self, server_class, *args, **kwargs):
        """Start a server in a random port."""
        # pylint: disable=W0621
        from twisted.internet import reactor
        # pylint: enable=W0621
        self.server_factory = server_class(*args, **kwargs)
        self.server_factory._disconnecting = False
        self.server_factory.testserver_on_connection_lost = defer.Deferred()
        self.server_factory.protocol = server_protocol_factory(
                                                 self.server_factory.protocol)
        self.listener = reactor.listenTCP(0, self.server_factory)
        return self.server_factory
 
    def connect_client(self, client_class, *args, **kwargs):
        """Conect a client to a given service."""
 
        if self.server_factory is None:
            raise ValueError('Server Factory was not provided.')
        if self.listener is None:
            raise ValueError('%s has not started listening.',
                                                          self.server_factory)
 
        self.client_factory = client_class(*args, **kwargs)
        self.client_factory._disconnecting = False
        self.client_factory.protocol = client_protocol_factory(
                                                 self.client_factory.protocol)
        self.client_factory.testserver_on_connection_made = defer.Deferred()
        self.client_factory.testserver_on_connection_lost = defer.Deferred()
        self.connector = reactor.connectTCP('localhost',
                                        self.listener.getHost().port,
                                        self.client_factory)
        return self.client_factory
 
    def clean_up(self):
        """Action to be performed for clean up."""
        if self.server_factory is None or self.listener is None:
            # nothing to clean
            return defer.succeed(None)
 
        if self.listener and self.connector:
            # clean client and server
            self.server_factory._disconnecting = True
            self.client_factory._disconnecting = True
            d = defer.maybeDeferred(self.listener.stopListening)
            self.connector.disconnect()
            return defer.gatherResults([d,
                self.client_factory.testserver_on_connection_lost,
                self.server_factory.testserver_on_connection_lost])
        if self.listener:
            # just clean the server since there is no client
            self.server_factory._disconnecting = True
            return defer.maybeDeferred(self.listener.stopListening)
 
 
class TCPServerTestCase(BaseTestCase):
    """Test that uses a single twisted service."""
 
    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def setUp(self):
        """Set the diff tests."""
        yield super(TCPServerTestCase, self).setUp()
        self.service_runner = TidyTCPServer()
 
        self.server_factory = None
        self.client_factory = None
        self.server_disconnected = None
        self.client_connected = None
        self.client_disconnected = None
        self.listener = None
        self.connector = None
        self.addCleanup(self.tear_down_server_client)
 
    def listen_server(self, server_class, *args, **kwargs):
        """Listen a server.
 
        The method takes the server class and the arguments that should be
        passed to the server constructor.
        """
        self.server_factory = self.service_runner.listen_server(server_class,
                *args, **kwargs)
        self.server_disconnected = 
                self.server_factory.testserver_on_connection_lost
        self.listener = self.service_runner.listener
 
    def connect_client(self, client_class, *args, **kwargs):
        """Connect the client.
 
        The method takes the client factory  class and the arguments that
        should be passed to the client constructor.
        """
        self.client_factory = self.service_runner.connect_client(client_class,
                                                              *args, **kwargs)
        self.client_connected = 
                self.client_factory.testserver_on_connection_made
        self.client_disconnected = 
                self.client_factory.testserver_on_connection_lost
        self.connector = self.service_runner.connector
 
    def tear_down_server_client(self):
        """Clean the server and client."""
        if self.server_factory and self.client_factory:
            return self.service_runner.clean_up()
 
 
class PbServiceTestCase(TCPServerTestCase):
    """Test a pb service."""
 
    def listen_server(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """Listen a pb server."""
        super(PbServiceTestCase, self).listen_server(pb.PBServerFactory,
                                                              *args, **kwargs)
 
    def connect_client(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """Connect a pb client."""
        super(PbServiceTestCase, self).connect_client(pb.PBClientFactory,
                                                              *args, **kwargs)

The above classes can be used in the following way:

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from twisted.internet import defer, protocol
from twisted.spread import pb
from twisted.trial.unittest import TestCase
 
from ubuntuone.devtools.testcases.txtcpserver import (
    client_protocol_factory,
    server_protocol_factory,
    PbServiceTestCase,
    TidyTCPServer,
    TCPServerTestCase,
)
 
# no init
# pylint: disable=W0232
 
 
class Adder(pb.Referenceable):
    """A remote adder."""
 
    def remote_add(self, first, second):
        """Remote adding numbers."""
        return first + second
 
 
class Calculator(pb.Root):
    """A calculator ran somewhere on the net."""
 
    def __init__(self, adder):
        """Create a new instance."""
         # pb.Root has no __init__
        self.adder = adder
 
    def remote_get_adder(self):
        """Get the remote added."""
        return self.adder
 
    def remote_check_adder(self, other_adder):
        """Check if the are the same."""
        return self.adder == other_adder
 
 
class Echoer(pb.Root):
    """An echoer that repeats what we say."""
 
    def remote_say(self, sentence):
        """Echo what we want to say."""
        return 'Echoer: %s' % sentence
# pylint: enable=W0232
 
class MultipleSercicesTestCase(TestCase):
    """Ensure that several services can be ran."""
 
    timeout = 2
 
    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def setUp(self):
        """Set the diff tests."""
        yield super(MultipleSercicesTestCase, self).setUp()
        self.first_tcp_server = TidyTCPServer()
        self.second_tcp_server = TidyTCPServer()
        self.adder = Adder()
        self.calculator = Calculator(self.adder)
        self.echoer = Echoer()
 
    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def test_single_service(self):
        """Test setting a single service."""
        first_number = 1
        second_number = 2
        self.first_tcp_server.listen_server(pb.PBServerFactory,
                                                              self.calculator)
        self.addCleanup(self.first_tcp_server.clean_up)
        calculator_c = self.first_tcp_server.connect_client(pb.PBClientFactory)
        # ensure we do have connected
        yield calculator_c.testserver_on_connection_made
        calculator = yield calculator_c.getRootObject()
        adder = yield calculator.callRemote('get_adder')
        result = yield adder.callRemote('add', first_number, second_number)
        self.assertEqual(first_number + second_number, result)
 
    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def test_multiple_services(self):
        """Test setting multiple services."""
        first_number = 1
        second_number = 2
        # first service
        self.first_tcp_server.listen_server(pb.PBServerFactory,
                                                              self.calculator)
        self.addCleanup(self.first_tcp_server.clean_up)
 
        # second service
        self.second_tcp_server.listen_server(pb.PBServerFactory, self.echoer)
        self.addCleanup(self.second_tcp_server.clean_up)
 
        # connect the diff clients
        calculator_c = self.first_tcp_server.connect_client(pb.PBClientFactory)
        echoer_c = self.second_tcp_server.connect_client(pb.PBClientFactory)
        # ensure we do have connected
        yield calculator_c.testserver_on_connection_made
        yield echoer_c.testserver_on_connection_made
 
        calculator = yield calculator_c.getRootObject()
        adder = yield calculator.callRemote('get_adder')
        result = yield adder.callRemote('add', first_number, second_number)
        self.assertEqual(first_number + second_number, result)
        echoer = yield echoer_c.getRootObject()
        echo = yield echoer.callRemote('say', 'hello')
        self.assertEqual(self.echoer.remote_say('hello'), echo)

On top of this helper classes I added a twisted site that would follow a similar pattern:

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"""A tx based web server."""
 
from twisted.internet import defer, reactor, ssl
from twisted.protocols.policies import WrappingFactory
from twisted.web import server
 
from ubuntuone.devtools.testcases.txtcpserver import server_protocol_factory
 
# no init method +  twisted common warnings
# pylint: disable=W0232, C0103, E1101
 
 
class WebServer(object):
    """Webserver used to perform requests in tests."""
 
    def __init__(self, root_resource, ssl_settings=None):
        """Create and start the instance.
 
        The ssl_settings parameter contains a dictionary with the key and cert
        that will be used to perform ssl connections. The root_resource
        contains the resource with all its childre.
        """
        self.root = root_resource
        self.ssl_settings = ssl_settings
        self.port = None
        # use an http.HTTPFactory that was modified to ensure that we have
        # clean close connections
        self.site = server.Site(self.root, timeout=None)
        self.wrapper = WrappingFactory(self.site)
        self.wrapper.testserver_on_connection_lost = defer.Deferred()
        self.wrapper.protocol = server_protocol_factory(self.wrapper.protocol)
        self.wrapper._disconnecting = False
 
    def _listen(self, site, ssl_settings=None):
        """Listen a port to allow the tests."""
        if ssl_settings is None:
            return reactor.listenTCP(0, site)
        else:
            ssl_context = ssl.DefaultOpenSSLContextFactory(
                                    ssl_settings['key'], ssl_settings['cert'])
            return reactor.listenSSL(0, site, ssl_context)
 
    def get_iri(self):
        """Build the iri for this mock server."""
        url = u"http://127.0.0.1:%d/"
        return url % self.get_port()
 
    def get_uri(self):
        """Build the uri for this mock server."""
        url = "http://127.0.0.1:%d/"
        return url % self.get_port()
 
    def get_ssl_iri(self):
        """Build the ssl iri for this mock server."""
        if self.ssl_settings:
            url = u"https://127.0.0.1:%d/"
            return url % self.get_ssl_port()
 
    def get_ssl_uri(self):
        """Build the ssl iri for this mock server."""
        if self.ssl_settings:
            url = "https://127.0.0.1:%d/"
            return url % self.get_ssl_port()
 
    def get_port(self):
        """Return the port where we are listening."""
        return self.port.getHost().port
 
    def get_ssl_port(self):
        """Return the ssl port where we are listening."""
        # pylint: disable=W0212
        if self.ssl_settings:
            return self.port.getHost().port
        # pylint: enable=W0212
 
    def start(self):
        """Start the service."""
        self.port = self._listen(self.wrapper, self.ssl_settings)
 
    def stop(self):
        """Shut it down."""
        if self.port:
            self.wrapper._disconnecting = True
            connected = self.wrapper.protocols.keys()
            if connected:
                for con in connected:
                    con.transport.loseConnection()
            else:
                self.wrapper.testserver_on_connection_lost = 
                                                            defer.succeed(None)
            d = defer.maybeDeferred(self.port.stopListening)
            return defer.gatherResults([d,
                                  self.wrapper.testserver_on_connection_lost])
        return defer.succeed(None)

When using this webserver you have to be careful because we do not longer pay attention to the client protocols, if you do not use twisted to access it you have no problems (libsoup, qtnetwork etc..) but if, for example, you use the HTTPClientFactory you have to do something similar to this in your TestCase setUp:

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class TxWebClientTestCase(WebClientTestCase):
    """Test case for txweb."""
 
    webclient_factory = txweb.WebClient
 
    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def setUp(self):
        """Set the diff tests."""
        # delay import, otherwise a default reactor gets installed
        from twisted.web import client
        self.factory = client.HTTPClientFactory
        # set the factory to be used
        # Hook the server's buildProtocol to make the protocol instance
        # accessible to tests and ensure that the reactor is clean!
        build_protocol = self.factory.buildProtocol
        self.serverProtocol = None
 
        def remember_protocol_instance(my_self, addr):
            """Remember the protocol used in the test."""
            protocol = build_protocol(my_self, addr)
            self.serverProtocol = protocol
            on_connection_lost = defer.Deferred()
            connection_lost = protocol.connectionLost
 
            def defer_connection_lost(protocol, *a):
                """Lost connection."""
                if not on_connection_lost.called:
                    on_connection_lost.callback(None)
                connection_lost(protocol, *a)
 
            self.patch(protocol, 'connectionLost', defer_connection_lost)
 
            def cleanup():
                """Clean the connection."""
                if self.serverProtocol.transport is not None:
                    self.serverProtocol.transport.loseConnection()
                return on_connection_lost
 
            self.addCleanup(cleanup)
            return protocol
 
        self.factory.buildProtocol = remember_protocol_instance
        self.addCleanup(self.set_build_protocol, build_protocol)
        txweb.WebClient.client_factory = self.factory
 
        yield super(TxWebClientTestCase, self).setUp()
 
    def set_build_protocol(self, method):
        """Set the method back."""
        self.factory.buildProtocol = method

I have spent some time on this so let me know if you know about any improvements that I can add my brain does not longer want to know about DirtyReactors…

Read more
mandel

Due to a small project I’m developing at the moment I had to access the Mac OS X keyring over python. There is some code of seen around but was not very ‘clean’. The following is my attempt to access the Mac OS X Keyring via python using ctypes, I hope it helps someone out there:

from ctypes import (
    byref,
    c_int32,
    c_uint32,
    c_void_p,
    create_string_buffer,
    memmove,
    cdll,
)
from ctypes.util import find_library
 
from secrets.utils import are_not_none, valid_args
 
 
# Types
 
OSStatus = c_int32
SecKeychainItemRef = c_void_p
SecKeychainRef = c_void_p
 
# Constants
 
errSecSuccess = 0
errSecItemNotFound = -25300
 
 
# Native libraries
 
_security = cdll.LoadLibrary(find_library('Security'))
_core = cdll.LoadLibrary(find_library('CoreServices'))
 
 
def keyring_is_open():
    """Assert that the keyring is not None."""
 
    def keyring_not_none(name, value, method_name='Method'):
        """Ensure that the keyring is open."""
        if not getattr(value, '', None):
            raise OSError('Keyring most be open.')
 
    return valid_args(keyring_not_none, (('Keyring', 0)))
 
 
class Backend(object):
    """Keyring backend for Mac Os X."""
 
    def __init__(self):
        """Create a new Mac OS X backend."""
        super(Backend, self).__init__()
        self.keychain = None
 
    def _get_item(self, realm, username):
        """Return the item that matched the given info."""
        item = SecKeychainItemRef()
        status = _security.SecKeychainFindGenericPassword(self.keychain,
                                         len(realm), realm, len(username),
                                         username, None, None, byref(item))
        return item, status
 
    def open(self):
        """Open the keyring."""
        # we should not be open
        if self.keychain is not None:
            raise OSError()
 
        self.keychain = SecKeychainRef()
        # try to open the keyring
        if _security.SecKeychainOpen('login.keychain', byref(self.keychain)):
            raise OSError("Can't access the keychain")
 
    @keyring_is_open
    def close(self):
        """Close the keyring."""
        _core.CFRelease(self.keychain)
        self.keychain = None
 
    @keyring_is_open
    @are_not_none((
        ('realm', 1),
        ('username', 2),
        ('password', 3)))
    def set_password(self, realm, username, password):
        """Set the password for the given real and username."""
        item, status = self._get_item(realm, username)
 
        if status == errSecItemNotFound:
            status = _security.SecKeychainAddGenericPassword(self.keychain,
                                                len(realm), realm,
                                                len(username), username,
                                                len(password), password, None)
            if status:
                raise OSError()
        else:
            raise OSError()
 
    @keyring_is_open
    @are_not_none((
        ('realm', 1),
        ('username', 2),
        ('password', 3)))
    def update_password(self, realm, username, password):
        """Update the password for the given realm."""
        item, status = self._get_item(realm, username)
 
        if status and status == errSecItemNotFound:
            raise OSError("Can't store password in keychain")
        else:
            status = _security.SecKeychainItemModifyAttributesAndData(item, None,
                                                len(password), password)
            _core.CFRelease(item)
            if status:
                raise OSError()
        if status:
            raise OSError("Can't store password in keychain")
 
    @keyring_is_open
    @are_not_none((
        ('realm', 1),
        ('username', 2)))
    def get_password(self, realm, username):
        """Get the password for the given real and username."""
        length = c_uint32()
        data = c_void_p()
        status = _security.SecKeychainFindGenericPassword(self.keychain,
                                          len(realm), realm,
                                          len(username), username,
                                          byref(length), byref(data), None)
        if status == errSecSuccess:
            password = create_string_buffer(length.value)
            memmove(password, data.value, length.value)
            password = password.raw
            _security.SecKeychainItemFreeContent(None, data)
        elif status == errSecItemNotFound:
            password = None
        else:
            raise OSError("Can't fetch password from system")
        return password
 
    @keyring_is_open
    @are_not_none((
        ('realm', 1),
        ('username', 2)))
    def delete_password(self, realm, username):
        """Delete the password of the given real and username."""
        item, status = self._get_item(realm, username)
        if status == errSecSuccess:
            _security.SecKeychainItemDelete(item)
            _core.CFRelease(item)
        else:
            raise OSError()

I have not added the code of the decorator because they are just noise, the only thing they do is to check that the keyring was indeed opened (self.keyring != None) and that the parameters with the given index are not None (I’m lazy and I prefer to use decorators for this mundane tasks that are done everywhere.

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mandel

On Windows Ubuntu One uses the twisted reactor to run the Qt UI. The main reason for this is that the IPC protocol that is used was written in twisted. This has been giving us a number of head aches like the one we experienced today.

The following code simply shows a dialog that will as the user for his proxy credentials and will store them in the key-ring of which ever platform is being used:

def main():
    """Main method used to show the creds dialog."""
 
    if sys.platform == 'win32':
        import qt4reactor
        qt4reactor.install()
        logger.debug('Qt reactor installed.')
 
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    args = parse_args()
    win = ProxyCredsDialog(domain=args.domain,
                           retry=args.retry)
    return_code = win.exec_()
    if sys.platform == 'win32':
        from twisted.internet import reactor
        reactor.run()
    sys.exit(return_code)

From the dialog the most interesting part is the one in which the credentials are stored:

@defer.inlineCallbacks
def _on_save_clicked(self, *args):
    """Save the new credentials."""
    username = unicode(self.ui.username_entry.text()).encode('utf8')
    password = unicode(self.ui.password_entry.text()).encode('utf8')
    creds = dict(username=username, password=password)
    try:
        logger.debug('Save credentials as for domain %s.', self.domain)
        yield self.keyring.set_credentials(self.domain, creds)
    except Exception, e:
        logger.exception('Could not set credentials:')
        self.done(EXCEPTION_RAISED)
    logger.debug('Stored creds')
    self.done(USER_SUCCESS)

And to give even more details, the following is what is used to spawn a thread to store the credentials on windows:

def set_credentials(self, app_name, cred):
    """Set the credentials of the Ubuntu SSO item."""
    # the windows keyring can only store a pair username-password
    # so we store the data using ubuntu_sso as the user name. Then
    # the cred will be stored as the string representation of the dict.
    return deferToThread(self.keyring.set_password, app_name, USERNAME,
                             dumps(cred))

A priori there is nothing wrong with the code, or is it? Doing an IRL test you will see that the credentials are never stored, what’s even more none of the deferreds are called. But why? In theory the qt reactor should be taking care of everything which includes the deferreds, the deferToThread and the execution of the ui.. well, it is not. When we look a little closer we can see that we use the exec_ method from the QDialog and this is the root of the bug. Lets put an example, the following is possible in Qt:

import sys
 
from PyQt4.QtGui import QApplication, QDialog
 
app = QApplication(sys.argv)
dialog = QDialog()
dialog.exec_()

As you can see we are launching the dialog but we did not execute the application, but why is that? The main reason is found in the implementation of exec in the QDialog class (this time in C++, ouch!):

int QDialog::exec()
{
     Q_D(QDialog);
     if (d->eventLoop) {
         qWarning("QDialog::exec: Recursive call detected");
         return -1;
     }
 
     bool deleteOnClose = testAttribute(Qt::WA_DeleteOnClose);
     setAttribute(Qt::WA_DeleteOnClose, false);
 
     bool wasShowModal = testAttribute(Qt::WA_ShowModal);
     setAttribute(Qt::WA_ShowModal, true);
     setResult(0);
 
     show();
 
     QEventLoop eventLoop;
     d->eventLoop = &eventLoop;
     (void) eventLoop.exec();
     d->eventLoop = 0;
 
     setAttribute(Qt::WA_ShowModal, wasShowModal);
 
     int res = result();
     if (deleteOnClose)
         delete this;
     return res;
 }

As you can see the implementation uses a QEventLoop, if you read the documentation you will noticed that using exec of the event loops and the default flag all the events will me processed by this event loop, which is not the main event loop, but a child one (small brain fuck here). This means that, due to the implementation of the qtreactor, when using a dialog exec_ (or better say a QEventLoop.exec method) the reactor main loop is not processing the events which means that all your deferreds, deferToThread etc.. will not be processed :(

Nevertheless there is a way to work around this bug in the qtreactor implementation (because is not the qt fault and it is well documented) which is doing the following workaround:

win = ProxyCredsDialog(domain=args.domain, retry=args.retry)
win.show()
win.finished.connect(exit_app)

The above code ensures that the events will be handeled by the reactor main loop and not by a child QEventLoop.

In summary, qtreactor is buggy and will give you problems.. but if you really have to use it (like we do) do remember this detail, DO NOT use exec.

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mandel

I have been writing some integration tests lately between Ubuntu One and proxies which use SSL certificates. The idea behind this tests was to be able to test that we deal correctly with those certificates that are not correct (notify the user, remember exceptions, etc..) For that I wrote this small function that I used to generate the certificates.

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import os
 
from socket import gethostname
 
from OpenSSL import crypto
 
 
def generate_self_signed_cert(cert_dir, is_valid=True):
    """Generate a SSL certificate.
 
    If the cert_path and the key_path are present they will be overwritten.
    """
    if not os.path.exists(cert_dir):
        os.makedirs(cert_dir)
    cert_path = os.path.join(cert_dir, 'squid.crt')
    key_path = os.path.join(cert_dir, 'squid.key')
 
    if os.path.exists(cert_path):
        os.unlink(cert_path)
    if os.path.exists(key_path):
        os.unlink(key_path)
 
    # create a key pair
    key = crypto.PKey()
    key.generate_key(crypto.TYPE_RSA, 1024)
 
    # create a self-signed cert
    cert = crypto.X509()
    cert.get_subject().C = 'UK'
    cert.get_subject().ST = 'London'
    cert.get_subject().L = 'London'
    cert.get_subject().O = 'Canonical'
    cert.get_subject().OU = 'Ubuntu One'
    cert.get_subject().CN = gethostname() if is_valid else gethostname()[::-1]
    cert.set_serial_number(1000)
    cert.gmtime_adj_notBefore(0)
    cert.gmtime_adj_notAfter(10 * 365 * 24 * 60 * 60) 
    cert.set_issuer(cert.get_subject())
    cert.set_pubkey(key)
    cert.sign(key, 'sha1')
 
    with open(cert_path, 'wt') as fd: 
        fd.write(crypto.dump_certificate(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, cert))
 
    with open(key_path, 'wt') as fd: 
        fd.write(crypto.dump_privatekey(crypto.FILETYPE_PEM, key))
 
    return cert_path, key_path

I leave to the reader to modify the function to match their needs.

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mandel

Recently in Ubuntu One we have been working or using PyQt for the UI of our application so that we could keep a smaller code base. While doing the move I noticed that we needed to have a widget similar to GtkArrow and to my surprise there is not one.

The following is a small implementation fo such a widget that might help other people that are in need of it. Even maybe someone that cares enough will write it in C++ and will propose it to Qt, sorry but I don’t have the time.

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from PyQt4.QtGui import QPainter, QStyle, QStyleOption, QWidget
 
 
class QArrow(QWidget):
    """Qt implementation similar to GtkArrow."""
 
   UP = 0
   DOWN = 1
   LEFT = 2
   RIGHT = 3
 
   def __init__(self, direction, parent=None):
       """Create a new instance."""
       QWidget.__init__(self, parent)
       if not direction in (QArrow.UP, QArrow.DOWN,
                 QArrow.LEFT, QArrow.RIGHT):
           raise ValueError('Wrong arrow direction.')
       self._direction = direction
 
    def paintEvent(self, event):
        """Paint a nice primitive arrow."""
        opt = QStyleOption()
        opt.initFrom(self)
        p = QPainter(self)
        if self._direction == QArrow.UP:
            primitive = QStyle.PE_IndicatorArrowUp
        elif self._direction == QArrow.DOWN:
            primitive = QStyle.PE_IndicatorArrowDown
        elif self._direction == QArrow.LEFT:
            primitive = QStyle.PE_IndicatorArrowLeft
        else:
            primitive = QStyle.PE_IndicatorArrowRight
        self.style().drawPrimitive(primitive, opt, p, self)

Took longer to think the correct way to do it than the actual coding, at the end is very simple.

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mandel

I have been playing around with jquery a little lately and I found that it is not very well documented how to add an input field like a checkbox inside the header of an accordion so that you can click on the header and the accordeon works as expected and the checkbox can be clicked. I’m not an expert in this things but I found the way to work around the issue:

The HTML:

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<div id="accordion">
    <div>
        <h3 id='example'>
            <a href='#'>
                <label>Title<input class='header-checkbox' type='checkbox' /></label>
            </a>
        </h3>
        <div>
            <p></p>
        </div>
    </div>
</div>

The Javascript:

$('#example').find('input').click(
    function(e){
        e.stopPropagation();
    }
);

I’m sure this is very easy for any advance js guy, but since I googled and did not find it I though I would be a nice guy and post it here for the next guy.

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mandel

Yesterday I was working on a small UI that uses a WebKit.WebView to show certain information to the user. My idea yesterday was to try and show a native context menu on the view that does not have the default menu items that the WebView has, the only way I’ve found to this is a as follows:

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from gi.repository import GObject, Gdk, Gtk, WebKit
from utils import get_data_file
 
 
class CustomView(Gtk.EventBox):
    """Main window used to show the ui and generate signals."""
 
    def __init__(self):
        """Create a new instance."""
        super(CustomView, self).__init__()
        self.set_events(Gdk.EventMask.BUTTON_PRESS_MASK)
        self._create_context_menu()
        self.scroll = Gtk.ScrolledWindow()
        self.scroll.show()
        self.view = WebKit.WebView()
        self.view.show()
        self.scroll.add(self.view)
        # load the html used for the main window, from that point
        # on we will let the html and js do the work and raise
        # signals via the title
        self.view.open(get_data_file(MAIN_WINDOW_HMTL))
        # lets no use the webkit context menu
        settings = self.view.get_settings()
        settings.set_property('enable-default-context-menu',
                              False)
        self.view.set_settings(settings)
        self.add(self.scroll)
        # connect the on button pressed event of the event box
        # so that we can add a context menu
        self.connect('button_press_event', self._on_button_press_event)
 
    def _create_context_menu(self):
        """Create the context menu."""
        self.menu = Gtk.Menu()
        delete_menu = Gtk.MenuItem("Delete Task")
        self.menu.append(delete_menu)
 
    def _on_button_press_event(self, widget, event):
        """Deal with the button press event."""
        if event.button == 3:
            self.menu.popup(None, None, None, None, event.button, event.time)
            self.menu.show_all()

Does any one out there know a better way to do this. I know that there is a “populate-popup” signal I can listen to but I cannot get my head around on how to do exactly what I want, which is remove all defaul menu items and add my own. And, does it make sense to have to do that for every popup signal?

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mandel

With GObject introspection is very simple to set the settings of your system trough python. Fist, lets use the command line to find out our current settings:

gsettings list-recursively org.gnome.system.proxy

The following script allows you to retrieve the http proxy settings that you are currently using:

from gi.repository import Gio
 
def get_settings():
    """Get proxy settings."""
    http_settings = Gio.Settings.new('org.gnome.system.proxy.http')
    host = http_settings.get_string('host')
    port = http_settings.get_int('port')
    if http_settings.get_boolean('use-authentication'):
        username = http_settings.get_string('authentication_user')
        password = http_settings.get_string('authentication_password')
    else:
        username = password = None
    return host, port, username, password

Setting them is as easy as getting them:

from gi.repository import Gio
 
def set_settings(host, port, username=None, password=None):
     """Set proxy settings."""
     http_settings = Gio.Settings.new('org.gnome.system.proxy.http')
     http_settings.set_string('host', host)
     http_settings.set_int('port', port)
     if username is not None:
         http_settings.set_boolean('use-authentication', True)
         http_settings.set_string('authentication_user', username)
         http_settings.set_string('authentication_password', password)

This is not utterly complicated but I’m notice that there are not many examples out there, so there you go. There is no code there that can be considered hard but I’d like to point out that if you use the get_value method from the Settings object you will have to call the appropriate get_* method from the returned GVariant, that is:

host = http_settings.get_string('host')

is equal to the following:

host = http_settings.get_value('host').get_string()

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mandel

I have had a nice riddle given to me by Tim-Erwin within the comments of Bitten in the ass by ReadDirectoryChangesW and multithreading which I really appreciate. His problem was with the following code:

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import win32file
import win32con
import win32event
import pywintypes
 
FILE_LIST_DIRECTORY = 0x0001
folder = r"C:\some folder to watch"
 
handle = win32file.CreateFile (folder, FILE_LIST_DIRECTORY,
              win32con.FILE_SHARE_READ | win32con.FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
              None, win32con.OPEN_EXISTING,
              win32con.FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS, None)
buffer = win32file.AllocateReadBuffer(1024)
overlapped = pywintypes.OVERLAPPED()
overlapped.hEvent = win32event.CreateEvent(None, 0, 0, None)
flags = win32con.FILE_NOTIFY_CHANGE_FILE_NAME |\
                  win32con.FILE_NOTIFY_CHANGE_DIR_NAME |\
                  win32con.FILE_NOTIFY_CHANGE_ATTRIBUTES |\
                  win32con.FILE_NOTIFY_CHANGE_SIZE |\
                  win32con.FILE_NOTIFY_CHANGE_LAST_WRITE |\
                  win32con.FILE_NOTIFY_CHANGE_SECURITY
 
win32file.ReadDirectoryChangesW(handle, buffer, False, flags, overlapped)
print "never reached until a change is done in the folder"
win32event.WaitForSingleObject(overlapped.hEvent, 5000)

As Tim-Erwin said in his comments, the above code was not being blocked in the WaitForSingleObject call but in the ReadDirecotryChangesW one. This is clearly my fault because in the blog post I did not give a very important detail that is needed to get the code working async. In order for the above to work correctly it is imperative that you pass to the CreateFile function the FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED flag. That means, that in order to fix the code and be blocked in WaitForSingleObject we have to modify the CreateFile call in the following way:

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handle = win32file.CreateFile (folder, FILE_LIST_DIRECTORY,
              win32con.FILE_SHARE_READ | win32con.FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
              None, win32con.OPEN_EXISTING,
              win32con.FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS | win32file.FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED , None)

That fixes Tim-Erwin problem and should help any other person with the same issue. Sorry for not being explicit on such an important detail Tim-Erwin, please accept my apologies :) .

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mandel

This is here for me to remember the next time I need to do this task:

  1. Copy the default pool definition:

    virsh pool-dumpxml default > pool.xml
  2. edit pool.xml changing the following vars:

    <pool type='dir'>
      <name>{$name}</name>
      <uuid>{$id}</uuid>
      <capacity>43544694784</capacity>
      <allocation>30412328960</allocation>
      <available>13132365824</available>
      <source>
      </source>
      <target>
        <path>{$path}</path>
        <permissions>
          <mode>0700</mode>
          <owner>-1</owner>
          <group>-1</group>
        </permissions>
      </target>
    </pool>
  3. virsh pool-create pool.xml
  4. virsh pool-refresh name

Doing the above you can add a new pool, for example one that is not in you ssd.

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mandel

In the past days I have been working on implementing a python TestCase that can be used to perform integration tests to the future implementation of proxy support that will be landing in Ubuntu One. The idea of the TestCase is the following:

  • Start a proxy so that connections go throw it. The proxy has to be listening to two different ports, one in which auth is not required and a second one in which auth is required. At the moment the only supported proxy is Squid using base auth.
  • The test case should provide a way to access to the proxy details for subclasses to use.
  • The test case should integrate with the ubuntuone-dev-tools.

Initially, one of the major problems I had was to start squid in two different ports so that:

  • Port A accepts non-auth requests.
  • Port A rejects auth requests.
  • Port B accepts auth requests.

The idea is simple, if you use port A you should never auth while you must in port B, and example configuration of the ACLs and ports is the following:

auth_param basic casesensitive on
# Use a default auth using ncsa and the passed generated file.
auth_param basic program ${auth_process} ${auth_file}
#Recommended minimum configuration:
acl all src all
acl manager proto cache_object
acl localhost src 127.0.0.1/32
acl to_localhost dst 127.0.0.0/8 0.0.0.0/32
#
# Example rule allowing access from your local networks.
# Adapt to list your (internal) IP networks from where browsing
# should be allowed
acl localnet src 10.0.0.0/8	# RFC1918 possible internal network
acl localnet src 172.16.0.0/12	# RFC1918 possible internal network
acl localnet src 192.168.0.0/16	# RFC1918 possible internal network
#
acl SSL_ports port 443		# https
acl SSL_ports port 563		# snews
acl SSL_ports port 873		# rsync
acl Safe_ports port 80		# http
acl Safe_ports port 21		# ftp
acl Safe_ports port 443		# https
acl Safe_ports port 70		# gopher
acl Safe_ports port 210		# wais
acl Safe_ports port 1025-65535	# unregistered ports
acl Safe_ports port 280		# http-mgmt
acl Safe_ports port 488		# gss-http
acl Safe_ports port 591		# filemaker
acl Safe_ports port 777		# multiling http
acl Safe_ports port 631		# cups
acl Safe_ports port 873		# rsync
acl Safe_ports port 901		# SWAT
acl purge method PURGE
acl CONNECT method CONNECT

# make an acl for users that have auth
acl password proxy_auth REQUIRED myportname ${auth_port_number}
acl auth_port_connected myportname ${auth_port_number}
acl nonauth_port_connected myportname ${noauth_port_number}

# Settings used for the tests:
# Allow users connected to the nonauth port
# Allow users authenticated AND connected to the auth port
http_access allow nonauth_port_connected
http_access allow password

#Recommended minimum configuration:
#
# Only allow cachemgr access from localhost
http_access allow manager localhost
http_access deny manager
# Only allow purge requests from localhost
http_access allow purge localhost
http_access deny purge
# Deny requests to unknown ports
http_access deny !Safe_ports
# Deny CONNECT to other than SSL ports
http_access deny CONNECT !SSL_ports
# Example rule allowing access from your local networks.
# Adapt localnet in the ACL section to list your (internal) IP networks
# from where browsing should be allowed
#http_access allow localnet
http_access allow localhost

# And finally deny all other access to this proxy
http_access deny all

#Allow ICP queries from local networks only
icp_access allow localnet
icp_access deny all

# Squid normally listens to port 3128 but we are going to listento two
# different ports, one for auth one for nonauth.
http_port ${noauth_port_number}
http_port ${auth_port_number}

#We recommend you to use at least the following line.
hierarchy_stoplist cgi-bin ?

# Default cache settings.
cache_dir ufs ${spool_temp} 100 16 256

# access log settings
access_log ${squid_temp}/access.log squid

#Default cache stroe log
cache_store_log ${squid_temp}/store.log

#Default pid file name
pid_filename ${squid_temp}/squid.pid

#Default netdb file name:
netdb_filename ${spool_temp}/logs/netdb.state

#Suggested default:
refresh_pattern ^ftp:		1440	20%	10080
refresh_pattern ^gopher:	1440	0%	1440
refresh_pattern -i (/cgi-bin/|\?) 0	0%	0
refresh_pattern (Release|Packages(.gz)*)$	0	20%	2880
# example line deb packages
#refresh_pattern (\.deb|\.udeb)$   129600 100% 129600
refresh_pattern .		0	20%	4320

# Don't upgrade ShoutCast responses to HTTP
acl shoutcast rep_header X-HTTP09-First-Line ^ICY.[0-9]
upgrade_http0.9 deny shoutcast

# Apache mod_gzip and mod_deflate known to be broken so don't trust
# Apache to signal ETag correctly on such responses
acl apache rep_header Server ^Apache
broken_vary_encoding allow apache

extension_methods REPORT MERGE MKACTIVITY CHECKOUT

hosts_file /etc/hosts

# Leave coredumps in the first cache dir
coredump_dir ${spool_temp}

Once the above was achieved the code of the test case was quite simple for Ubuntu O, unfortunatly, it was not that issues in Ubuntu P because there we have squid3 which supports http 1.1 and keeps the proxy keeps the connection alive. The fact that the connection is kept alive means that the reactor has a selectable running because the proxy keep it there. In order to solve the issue I wrote the code so that the server could say that the connection timedout. Here is the code that does it:

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# Copyright 2011 Canonical Ltd.
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 3, as published
# by the Free Software Foundation.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranties of
# MERCHANTABILITY, SATISFACTORY QUALITY, or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
# PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
"""Test the squid test case."""
import base64
 
from twisted.application import internet, service
from twisted.internet import defer, reactor
from twisted.web import client, error, http, resource, server
 
from ubuntuone.devtools.testcases.squid import SquidTestCase
 
 
SAMPLE_RESOURCE = "<p>Hello World!</p>"
SIMPLERESOURCE = "simpleresource"
THROWERROR = "throwerror"
UNAUTHORIZED = "unauthorized"
 
# ignore common twisted lint errors
# pylint: disable=C0103, W0212
 
 
class ProxyClientFactory(client.HTTPClientFactory):
    """Factory that supports proxy."""
 
    def __init__(self, proxy_url, proxy_port, url, headers=None):
        # we set the proxy details before the init because the parent __init__
        # calls setURL
        self.proxy_url = proxy_url
        self.proxy_port = proxy_port
        self.disconnected_d = defer.Deferred()
        client.HTTPClientFactory.__init__(self, url, headers=headers)
 
    def setURL(self, url):
        self.host = self.proxy_url
        self.port = self.proxy_port
        self.url = url
        self.path = url
 
    def clientConnectionLost(self, connector, reason, reconnecting=0):
        """Connection lost."""
        self.disconnected_d.callback(self)
 
 
class ProxyWebClient(object):
    """Provide useful web methods with proxy."""
 
    def __init__(self, proxy_url=None, proxy_port=None, username=None,
            password=None):
        """Create a new instance with the proxy settings."""
        self.proxy_url = proxy_url
        self.proxy_port = proxy_port
        self.username = username
        self.password = password
        self.factory = None
        self.connectors = []
 
    def _connect(self, url, contextFactory):
        """Perform the connection."""
        scheme, _, _, _ = client._parse(url)
        # pylint: disable=E1101
        if scheme == 'https':
            from twisted.internet import ssl
            if contextFactory is None:
                contextFactory = ssl.ClientContextFactory()
            self.connectors.append(reactor.connectSSL(self.proxy_url,
                                                      self.proxy_port,
                                                      self.factory,
                                                      contextFactory))
        else:
            self.connectors.append(reactor.connectTCP(self.proxy_url,
                                                      self.proxy_port,
                                                      self.factory))
            # pylint: enable=E1101
 
    def _process_auth_error(self, failure, url, contextFactory):
        """Process an auth failure."""
        failure.trap(error.Error)
        if failure.value.status == str(http.PROXY_AUTH_REQUIRED):
            # we try to get the page using the basic auth
            auth = base64.b64encode('%s:%s' % (self.username, self.password))
            auth_header = 'Basic ' + auth.strip()
            self.factory = ProxyClientFactory(self.proxy_url, self.proxy_port,
                            url, headers={'Proxy-Authorization': auth_header})
            self._connect(url, contextFactory)
            return self.factory.deferred
        else:
            return failure
 
    def get_page(self, url, contextFactory=None, *args, **kwargs):
        """Download a webpage as a string.
 
        This method relies on the twisted.web.client.getPage but adds and extra
        step. If there is an auth error the method will perform a second try
        so that the username and password are used.
        """
        self.factory = ProxyClientFactory(self.proxy_url, self.proxy_port, url,
                                          headers={'Connection': 'close'})
        self._connect(url, contextFactory)
        self.factory.deferred.addErrback(self._process_auth_error, url,
                                    contextFactory)
        return self.factory.deferred
 
    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def shutdown(self):
        """Clean all connectors."""
        for connector in self.connectors:
            yield connector.disconnect()
        defer.returnValue(True)
 
 
class SimpleResource(resource.Resource):
    """A simple web resource."""
 
    def render_GET(self, request):
        """Make a bit of html out of these resource's
        content."""
        return SAMPLE_RESOURCE
 
 
class SaveHTTPChannel(http.HTTPChannel):
    """A save protocol to be used in tests."""
 
    protocolInstance = None
 
    def connectionMade(self):
        """Keep track of the given protocol."""
        SaveHTTPChannel.protocolInstance = self
        http.HTTPChannel.connectionMade(self)
 
 
class SaveSite(server.Site):
    """A site that let us know when it closed."""
 
    protocol = SaveHTTPChannel
 
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """Create a new instance."""
        server.Site.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
        # we disable the timeout in the tests, we will deal with it manually.
        self.timeOut = None
 
 
class MockWebServer(object):
    """A mock webserver for testing"""
 
    def __init__(self):
        """Start up this instance."""
        root = resource.Resource()
        root.putChild(SIMPLERESOURCE, SimpleResource())
 
        root.putChild(THROWERROR, resource.NoResource())
 
        unauthorized_resource = resource.ErrorPage(resource.http.UNAUTHORIZED,
                                                "Unauthorized", "Unauthorized")
        root.putChild(UNAUTHORIZED, unauthorized_resource)
 
        self.site = SaveSite(root)
        application = service.Application('web')
        self.service_collection = service.IServiceCollection(application)
        #pylint: disable=E1101
        self.tcpserver = internet.TCPServer(0, self.site)
        self.tcpserver.setServiceParent(self.service_collection)
        self.service_collection.startService()
 
    def get_url(self):
        """Build the url for this mock server."""
        #pylint: disable=W0212
        port_num = self.tcpserver._port.getHost().port
        return "http://localhost:%d/" % port_num
 
    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def stop(self):
        """Shut it down."""
        #pylint: disable=E1101
        # make the connection time out so that is works with squid3 when
        # the connection is kept alive.
        if self.site.protocol.protocolInstance:
            self.site.protocol.protocolInstance.timeoutConnection()
        yield self.service_collection.stopService()
 
 
class ProxyTestCase(SquidTestCase):
    """A squid test with no auth proxy."""
 
    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def setUp(self):
        """Set the tests."""
        yield super(ProxyTestCase, self).setUp()
        self.ws = MockWebServer()
        self.proxy_client = None
        self.addCleanup(self.teardown_client_server)
        self.url = self.ws.get_url() + SIMPLERESOURCE
 
    def teardown_client_server(self):
        """Clean resources."""
        if self.proxy_client is not None:
            self.proxy_client.shutdown()
            return defer.gatherResults([self.ws.stop(),
                               self.proxy_client.shutdown(),
                               self.proxy_client.factory.disconnected_d])
        else:
            return self.ws.stop()
 
    def access_noauth_url(self, address, port):
        """Access a url throught the proxy."""
        self.proxy_client = ProxyWebClient(proxy_url=address, proxy_port=port)
        return self.proxy_client.get_page(self.url)
 
    def access_auth_url(self, address, port, username, password):
        """Access a url throught the proxy."""
        self.proxy_client = ProxyWebClient(proxy_url=address, proxy_port=port,
                                         username=username, password=password)
        return self.proxy_client.get_page(self.url)
 
    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def test_noauth_url_access(self):
        """Test accessing to the url."""
        settings = self.get_nonauth_proxy_settings()
        # if there is an exception we fail.
        data = yield self.access_noauth_url(settings['host'],
                                            settings['port'])
        self.assertEqual(SAMPLE_RESOURCE, data)
 
    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def test_auth_url_access(self):
        """Test accessing to the url."""
        settings = self.get_auth_proxy_settings()
        # if there is an exception we fail.
        data = yield self.access_auth_url(settings['host'],
                                          settings['port'],
                                          settings['username'],
                                          settings['password'])
        self.assertEqual(SAMPLE_RESOURCE, data)
 
    def test_auth_url_401(self):
        """Test failing accessing the url."""
        settings = self.get_auth_proxy_settings()
        # swap password for username to fail
        d = self.failUnlessFailure(self.access_auth_url(settings['host'],
                                        settings['port'], settings['password'],
                                        settings['username']), error.Error)
        return d
 
    def test_auth_url_407(self):
        """Test failing accessing the url."""
        settings = self.get_auth_proxy_settings()
        d = self.failUnlessFailure(self.access_noauth_url(settings['host'],
                                   settings['port']), error.Error)
        return d

The above code is the tests for the test case and the important bits are:

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class SaveHTTPChannel(http.HTTPChannel):
    """A save protocol to be used in tests."""
 
    protocolInstance = None
 
    def connectionMade(self):
        """Keep track of the given protocol."""
        SaveHTTPChannel.protocolInstance = self
        http.HTTPChannel.connectionMade(self)
 
 
class SaveSite(server.Site):
    """A site that let us know when it closed."""
 
    protocol = SaveHTTPChannel
 
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """Create a new instance."""
        server.Site.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
        # we disable the timeout in the tests, we will deal with it manually.
        self.timeOut = None

The above defines a protocol that will know the instance that it was used so that we can trigger the time out in a clean up function.

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        if self.site.protocol.protocolInstance:
            self.site.protocol.protocolInstance.timeoutConnection()

This tells the server to time out.

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    def teardown_client_server(self):
        """Clean resources."""
        if self.proxy_client is not None:
            self.proxy_client.shutdown()
            return defer.gatherResults([self.ws.stop(),
                               self.proxy_client.shutdown(),
                               self.proxy_client.factory.disconnected_d])
        else:
            return self.ws.stop()

And the clean up function. That is all, now I guess I’ll move to add proxy support or ensure that the test case works on Windows, which is certainly going to be a diff issue.

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mandel

The following is some code in which I have been working (and stupidly wasting time in a small error) that allows to get a page using a methos similar to twisted.web.client.getPage through a proxy that uses base auth.

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# Copyright 2011 Canonical Ltd.
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 3, as published
# by the Free Software Foundation.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranties of
# MERCHANTABILITY, SATISFACTORY QUALITY, or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
# PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
# with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
"""Test the squid test case."""
import base64
 
from twisted.internet import defer, reactor
from twisted.web import client, error, http
 
from ubuntuone.devtools.testcases.squid import SquidTestCase
 
# ignore common twisted lint errors
# pylint: disable=C0103, W0212
 
 
class ProxyClientFactory(client.HTTPClientFactory):
    """Factory that supports proxy."""
 
    def __init__(self, proxy_url, proxy_port, url, headers=None):
        self.proxy_url = proxy_url
        self.proxy_port = proxy_port
        client.HTTPClientFactory.__init__(self, url, headers=headers)
 
    def setURL(self, url):
        self.host = self.proxy_url
        self.port = self.proxy_port
        self.url = url
        self.path = url
 
 
class ProxyWebClient(object):
    """Provide useful web methods with proxy."""
 
    def __init__(self, proxy_url=None, proxy_port=None, username=None,
            password=None):
        """Create a new instance with the proxy settings."""
        self.proxy_url = proxy_url
        self.proxy_port = proxy_port
        self.username = username
        self.password = password
 
    def _process_auth_error(self, failure, url, contextFactory):
        """Process an auth failure."""
        # we try to get the page using the basic auth
        failure.trap(error.Error)
        if failure.value.status == str(http.PROXY_AUTH_REQUIRED):
            auth = base64.b64encode('%s:%s' % (self.username, self.password))
            auth_header = 'Basic ' + auth.strip()
            factory = ProxyClientFactory(self.proxy_url, self.proxy_port, url,
                    headers={'Proxy-Authorization': auth_header})
            # pylint: disable=E1101
            reactor.connectTCP(self.proxy_url, self.proxy_port, factory)
            # pylint: enable=E1101
            return factory.deferred
        else:
            return failure
 
    def get_page(self, url, contextFactory=None, *args, **kwargs):
        """Download a webpage as a string.
 
        This method relies on the twisted.web.client.getPage but adds and extra
        step. If there is an auth error the method will perform a second try
        so that the username and password are used.
        """
        scheme, _, _, _ = client._parse(url)
        factory = ProxyClientFactory(self.proxy_url, self.proxy_port, url)
        if scheme == 'https':
            from twisted.internet import ssl
            if contextFactory is None:
                contextFactory = ssl.ClientContextFactory()
            # pylint: disable=E1101
            reactor.connectSSL(self.proxy_url, self.proxy_port,
                               factory, contextFactory)
            # pylint: enable=E1101
        else:
            # pylint: disable=E1101
            reactor.connectTCP(self.proxy_url, self.proxy_port, factory)
            # pylint: enable=E1101
        factory.deferred.addErrback(self._process_auth_error, url,
                                    contextFactory)
        return factory.deferred

I hope that this helps anyone out there :)

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mandel

Recently a very interesting bug has been reported agains Ubuntu One on Windows. Apparently we try to sync a number of system folders that are present on Windows 7 to be backward compatible.

The problem

The actual problem in the code is that we are using os.listdir. While lisdir on python does return system folders (at the end of the day, they are there) os.walk does not, for example, lets imaging hat we have the following scenario:

Documents
    My Pictures (System folder)
    My Videos (System folder)
    Random dir
    Random Text.txt

If we run os.listdir we would have the following:

import os
>> os.listdir('Documents')
['My Pictures', 'My Videos', 'Random dir', 'Random Text.txt']

While if we use os.walk we have:

import os
path, dirs, files = os.walk('Documents')
print dirs
>> ['Random dir']
print files
>> ['Random Text.txt']

The fix is very simple, simply filter the result from os.listdir using the following function:

import win32file
 
INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES = -1
 
 
def is_system_path(path):
    """Return if the function is a system path."""
    attrs = win32file.GetFileAttributesW(path)
    if attrs == INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES:
        return False
    return win32file.FILE_ATTRIBUTE_SYSTEM & attrs ==\
        win32file.FILE_ATTRIBUTE_SYSTEM

File system events

An interesting question to ask after the above is, how does ReadDirectoryChangesW work with systen directories? Well, thankfully it works correctly. What does that mean? Well, it means the following:

  • Changes in the system folders do not get notified.
  • Moves from a watch directory to a system folder is not a MOVE_TO, MOVE_FROM couple but a FILE_DELETED

The above means that if you have a system folder in a watch path you do not need to worry since the events will work correctly, which are very very good news.

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mandel

Having a DirtyReactorException in your tests is a PITA and bug 885342 was that type on annoying bug. Since I use this bug not only to tell others what I’m doing but as a log for myself here it is the way to clean the resources nicely when you are testing your PB clients and servers (I mention PB because we use that, a similar approach can be used with any protocol) inspired by this way more interesting post.

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class SaveProtocolServerFactory(PBServerFactory):
    """A PBServerFactory that saves the latest connected client."""
 
    protocolInstance = None
 
    def clientConnectionMade(self, protocol):
        """Keep track of the given protocol."""
        self.protocolInstance = protocol
 
 
class SaveClientFactory(PBClientFactory):
    """Client Factory that knows when we disconnected."""
 
    def __init__(self, connected_d, disconnected_d):
        """Create a new instance."""
        PBClientFactory.__init__(self)
        self.connected_d = connected_d
        self.disconnected_d = disconnected_d
 
    def clientConnectionMade(self, broker):
        """Connection made."""
        PBClientFactory.clientConnectionMade(self, broker)
        self.connected_d.callback(True)
 
    def clientConnectionLost(self, connector, reason, reconnecting=0):
        """Connection lost."""
        self.disconnected_d.callback(True)
 
 
class ServerProtocol(Broker):
    """Server protocol that allows us to clean the tests."""
 
    def connectionLost(self, *a):
        self.factory.onConnectionLost.callback(self)
 
 
class ConnectedTestCase(TestCase):
    """Base test case with a client and a server."""
 
    @defer.inlineCallbacks
    def setUp(self):
        """Set up for the tests."""
        yield super(ConnectedTestCase, self).setUp()
        self.server_disconnected = defer.Deferred()
        self.client_disconnected = defer.Deferred()
        self.listener = None
        self.connector = None
        self.server_factory = None
        self.client_factory = None
 
    def setup_client_server(self, sso_root):
        """Set tests."""
        port = get_sso_pb_port()
        self.listener = self._listen_server(sso_root,
                                self.server_disconnected,
                                port)
        connected = defer.Deferred()
        self.connector = self._connect_client(connected,
                                   self.client_disconnected, port)
        self.addCleanup(self.teardown_client_server)
        return connected
 
    def _listen_server(self, sso_root, d, port):
        """Start listenting."""
        self.server_factory = SaveProtocolServerFactory(sso_root)
        self.server_factory.onConnectionLost = d
        self.server_factory.protocol = ServerProtocol
        return reactor.listenTCP(port, self.server_factory)
 
     def _connect_client(self, d1, d2, port):
        """Connect client."""
        self.client_factory = SaveClientFactory(d1, d2)
        return reactor.connectTCP(LOCALHOST, port, self.client_factory)
 
     def teardown_client_server(self):
         """Clean resources."""
         self.connector.disconnect()
         d = defer.maybeDeferred(self.listener.stopListening)
         return defer.gatherResults([d, self.client_disconnected,
                                               self.server_disconnected])

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